1. Preparing for Grammar on the AP Test Rapert/AP Lit.

2. Know sentence structure well:  Simple sentence:  Sam threw the orange to Irene.  Subject: Sam  Verb: threw  Direct Object: orange  Indirect Object: Irene  The indirect object receives the direct object

3. Know sentence structure:  Phrase & Clause  Feeling generous, Sam threw the orange to Irene, who tried to catch it.  Phrase: (modifies-has no subject or verb): Feeling generous, (modifies Sam)  Dependent/subordinate clause: (modifies- almost a complete sentence-has subject and verb-but not complete due to “who”): …,who tried to catch it.  Independent clauses are simple sentences:  Independent clauses are simple sentences: Sam threw the orange to Irene.

4. Know sentence structure:  Simple: One clause, no subordinate  Jack lost his wallet on the train.  Compound: Two or more clauses usually connected by coordinating conjunctions  The rain descended and the floods came.  Complex: Main clause plus at least one subordinate clause  The man who came to dinner stayed several hour.  I knew what you meant when you said it.  Compound-Complex: Combo of compound and complex (two or more main clauses with at least one subordinate clause.  Although the party ended early, there was a mess to clean up, so we didn’t get to bed until two a.m.

5. Know basic parts of speech  Noun  Verb (action, linking, helping  Adjective (modifies a noun)  Adverb (modifies a verb, adjective, or an adverb)  Preposition  Prepositional phrase (begins w/a prep and modifies another sentence element)  Pronoun  Antecedent (precedes noun and to which the pronoun refers).  The profoundly nasty little poodle snapped viciously at Sam’s ankles but he managed to push it away.  Label part of speech for each word.

6. Enough, enough, enough!!