1. Relationships in Nature
BIO108
Notes:
Relationships can be found throughout nature:
Dependent and Independent
Beneficial and Harmful
Hosts and Parasites
Questions:
This rhino is in a variety of relationships some obvious and some less visible.
1) Can you name any of these partnerships?
2) What the purpose of the relationship?
3) Who does it harm or help?

2. Symbiosis Living together A partnership Two different species
Both partners benefit – mutual benefit

3. Animal Kingdom Nile crocodile & crocodile bird
Hermit crab & sea anemone
Buffalo & oxpecker
Shark & remora fish

4. Crocodile & Bird Nile crocodile Crocodile bird Usually eats animals
Allows bird to walk around its mouth
Crocodile bird
Cleans parasites in croc’s teeth
Removes and eats scraps of food
Eats harmful leeches and parasites
Notes:
Mammal - Bird relationships are common.
Questions:
Can you think of other animal-bird symbiotic relationships?
Why and how do you think this relationship evolved?
What special adaptations might have developed for this relationship?

5. Hermit Crab & Sea Anemone
protects the crab
Sea anemone
Gets leftover food

6. Buffalo & Oxpecker Buffalo Oxpecker Lets the bird eat
Eats ticks and other parasites off skin
Warns buffalo of danger

8. Shark and Remora Fish Shark Remora Fish Lets the fish eat
Eats parasites
Gets the shark’s leftovers

9. Lichen Slow growing plants Partnership: fungi & algae
Neither could live alone

10. Relationships
Phoresis
Commensalism
Mutualism
Parasitism

11. Phoresis Loose association One organism is smaller than other
Larger organism used for transport
Dung beetles and cow dung

12. Commensalism “eating together at the same table”
Only one member benefits
sharing space, defense, shelter, food
Neither will die if relationship is ended
Shrimp & sea cucumber

13. Mutualism Both organisms derive mutual benefit Intimate and obligatory
Neither can survive without the other
Example – host and parasite
Tickbirds and rhinos
Clownfish & sea anemone

14. Parasitism
Not symbiotic
Causes harm to host

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