1. Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals
Vertebrates
Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals

2. Vertebrates Backbone or vertebral column Protects spine gives support
Endoskeleton
Support
Shape
grows

3. Phylum Chordata Nerve cord – hollow tube near back Notochord
Beneath nerve cord
Throat with gill slits

4. Groups of Chordates Eight Groups Six are ectotherms
Rely on environment for heat
“cold blooded”
Two are endotherms
Maintain their body heat
“warm blooded”

5. What to do next Color code the embryos
Do section review on page 2 of your packet (pg 62 of your text)
Complete directed reading on page 3 of your packet

6. FISH Evolved 540 mya Water dwelling vertebrates Scales Fins
Throat with gill slits

7. Jawless Fish Most primitive No scales No fins No jaw No bones
Examples- hagfish and lamprey

8. Cartilaginous Fish Skeleton made of cartilage Tooth-like scales
No swim bladder
Sharks, skates, and rays

9. Bony Fish Have a swim bladder Gives the ability to float or sink
Color vision
Lateral line that senses movement

10. Fish Diagram

11. What to do next? Color and label fish diagram Do crossword
Do section review on page 6 of packet (pg 67 in your text)
Complete directed reading on page 7 of your packet

12. AMPHIBIANS Ectotherms Term amphibian means “double life”
Live on land and water – soft eggs
Goes through metamorphosis

13. Caecilians Legless amphibian Lives in damp soil in the tropics
Eats small invertebrates
Thin moist skin
Small eyes under skin but are blind

14. Salamander 390 known species Eats small vertebrates
Long tail and four small legs

15. How Frogs and Toads are Alike
90% of all amphibians are frogs and toads
Found all over the world
Highly adapted for life on land
Sticky tongues that are attached to the front of the mouth instead of the back
Strong legs for jumping
Ears
Vocal cords

16. How Frogs and Toads are Different
Need to live near water
Have smooth, moist skin that makes them look “slimy”.
Have a narrow body
Have higher, rounder, bulgier eyes
Have longer hind legs
Take long high jumps
Have many predators
Toads
Do not need to live near water to survive
Have rough, dry, bumpy skin
Have a wider body
Have lower, football shaped eyes
Have shorter, less powerful hind legs
Will run or take small hops rather than jump
Do not have many predators. Toad’s skin lets out a bitter taste and smell

17. Frog Life Cycle

18. What to do next
Fill out the Venn diagram that compares/contrasts a toad and a frog
Color pictures
Do section review on page 9 of packet (pg 72 of textbook)
Directed Reading on page 10 of packet

19. REPTILES Thick, dry skin Ectotherms Lungs to breathe Evolved 35 mya
Strong vertical legs
Most lay thick rubbery eggs. This allows them to reproduce on land

20. Reptile eggs Shell - protects the egg
Albumen – provides water and protein
Amniotic sac - protects embryo
Yolk - provides food
Allantois – stores waste and passes oxygen

21. Labeling the egg

22. Lizards
About 4,000 species
Live in deserts, jungle, forests and grasslands
Most eat small invertebrates and plants but some are strictly herbivores
The tail of some lizards separate from the body when the lizard is grabbed. The tail that is left behind wriggles, confusing the other animal.

24. Turtles and Tortoises 250 species Slow and inflexible Protective shell
Live on land and water
Are distant relatives of most other reptiles

26. Snakes About 1600 species No legs Scales on belly pull snake forward
Carnivores with a good sense of smell

27. Alligators and Crocodiles
Eyes and nose on top of head so they can hide under water
Carnivores
Spend most of their time in water
22 different species

28. Alligators and Crocodiles

29. What’s Next? Do amphibians and reptiles crossword puzzle page 16
Do section reviews on page 13 of your packet (page 77 in your text)
Do chapter review on page 14 of your packet (page 82 of your text) questions
Use complete sentences.
Complete study guide on page 15 of packet

30. Birds Endotherms (warm-blooded) Egg-laying vertebrates 4 types
-perching birds – sparrows, robins etc.
-bird of prey- owls, hawks etc.
-waterfowl – ducks, geese etc.
-flightless- penguins, ostrich etc.

31. Feathers Adapted for flight Contour feathers – large, broad
Down – small, used for insulation
Not all birds fly

32. Adaptations
Beak – cracking, drilling
Feet – wading, scratching

33. Which food goes with which bird?
                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                                

34. A few feet
good for perching
good for swimming
good for capturing prey

35. Respiration Air sacs - give constant oxygen (fuel)
- give enough energy for flight
lungs

36. Circulation
Double-loop circulatory system keeps oxygenated blood separate from de-oxygenated blood

37. Bones Birds have “hollow” bone that makes them lightweight
Have trusses inside bone for strength

38. Complex Behaviors
Song
- protects territory
- mating
- calling
Migrate

39. Flight adaptations Feathers and wings Hollow bones
Keel and strong flight muscles
Large eyes
Increased heart rate
Increased respiration
High body temperature

41. y

42. What to do next Color skeletons
Do section review on page 21 of packet (page 94 questions 1-5)
Do section review on page 22 of your packet (page 97 of your text)
Do crossword puzzle on page 22 of your packet
Complete reading guide on page 23 of your packet

43. Class Mammalia

44. Characteristics of all Mammals
Hair
Mammary Glands and a diaphragm
Most Sweat
Endothermic

45. Three Classes
Monotremes
Marsupials
Placental

46. Monotremes- Echidnas and duck billed platypus
Egg laying – leathery eggs
“furred reptiles” - Babies lick milk from mother’s fur

47. Marsupials Pouched Inside pouches are mammary glands
Infants are born not fully developed and move to pouch to finish development
Different age babies can live in pouch at the same time
Live mostly in Australia, New Guinea, and South America
Kangaroos, opossums, koalas, Tasmanian devils, wallabies

48. Placental Most mammals are placental
Embryos stay inside mother until fully developed
Babies are born like smaller adults
Placenta supplies food and oxygen
Placenta are special attachments from embryo to uterus
Placenta also removes waste
Gestation period is the time it takes for an embryo to develop
Gestation ranges from a few weeks to almost 2 years depending on the species

49. Toothless Mammals Only anteaters are completely toothless.
The rest have small teeth
Catch insects with long, sticky tongues
Anteaters, aardvarks, armadillos, sloth

50. Insect Eating Also called insectivores
Live everywhere except Australia and Antarctica
Have very small brains
Few specialized teeth
thin long pointed nose

51. Rodents More than 1/3 of all mammals are rodents
Found everywhere except Antarctica
Most are small
Have long, sensitive whiskers
All rodents have sharp front teeth for gnawing

52. Lagomorphs (rabbits) Have sharp gnawing teeth
Have two sets of incisors in their upper jaws
Have short tails
Sensitive noses, large ears, and eyes to detect predators

53. Flying Mammals Bats are the only mammals that can fly
Use echolocation to find prey
Nocturnal
Flying squirrels ARE NOT part of this group!

54. Carnivores Meat eaters Large canine teeth
Can be found in both land and water
Includes lions and seals

55. Hoofed Mammals Adapted for quick running
Large flat molars for grinding, Herbivores
Also known as Ungulates
Two groups based on number of toes

56. Odd Toed
Horses
Rhinos
Zebras
Tapirs

57. Even Toed
Pigs
Camels
Cows
Giraffes

58. Trunked-Nosed Elephants are the only ones
Very agile trunk to pick up small objects
Three species – African Savanna, Asian, and African Forest
African Forest elephant is a newly name species
Herbivores
Largest land mammal
Two year gestation period
Poached for ivory

59. Cetaceans Whales, dolphins, porpoise Use echolocation
Have lungs,blowholes are modified nostrils
Blubber
Some have teeth, some do not

60. Sirenia
Manatees
Herbivores
AKA sea cows
Can live for over 70 years

61. Primates Binocular vision Opposable thumbs Color vision
Flattened nails
Specialized teeth for omnivore diet
Small noses so vision is very important