1. Asian Transitions in an Age of Global Change

2. 1500s Europeans arrive in East & Southeast Asia
Asia not much affected at first
China & Japan strong enough to resist

3. Vasco da Gama 1498 voyage to India Europe had little to trade
Opened the way east for Europeans
Europe had little to trade
Asians not interested in Christianity

4. Limits to European success
Sea power allowed:
Control of spice exports
Regulation of some areas in Asian trade network
Europe participation, not control
Tribute regimes

5. Portuguese empire

6. Dutch trading empire, 1650

7. Overall, South & Southeast Asia East Asia Europeans stronger,
But most Asians kept control
East Asia
Ming China & Tokugawa Japan dominant

8. Japan Governed by shogunates (Military governments) since 1100s
Kamakura,
Muromachi,
1300s-early 1400s
Order breaking down
Independent feudal states in conflict

9. Feudalism in Japan vs. Europe

10. Nobunaga (1534-1582) One of first daimyos
Innovative & fierce
Extensive use of firearms
After his defeat, his generals gained control of Japan
Toyotomi Hideyoshi ( )

11. Toyotomi Hideyoshi Attacks Korea
1592, 1597
Defeated by Admiral Yi Sun-Sin
“Turtle Boats”
First ironclad warships

12. Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616) 1st of 15 Tokugawa shoguns 1603
Capital at Edo (Tokyo)
Brought all daimyos under his authority
Civil wars ended

13. “The nightingale does not sing!”
Nobunaga
“We will kill it.”
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
“We will wait.”
Tokugawa Ieyasu
“We will teach it.”

14. Tokugawa years Great Peace through dictatorship
Monopoly on gunpowder technology
Rigid class system

15. Restricted Europeans’ access to Japan
1500s: Portuguese, Spanish Dutch arrived
Traders & missionaries
Francis Xavier
By 1614, up to 300,000 converts
10% of population
“Portuguese arrive in Japan”
Thomas Kostecki

16. Shoguns distrusted Christianity
Restrictions began 1580s
Missionaries ordered to leave
1590s persecution of Christians began
Banned 1614
Ends European trade to end Christian influence
Monument to
Nagasaki martyrs

17. 1649 Japan closed to foreigners
By 1630s, Japanese ships forbidden to sail overseas
Only Nagasaki open to foreign merchants
Dutch post on Nagasaki’s Island
Spread weapon technology, shipbuilding, math, astronomy, anatomy, geography “Dutch studies”
Western books banned

18. Shogunate’s accomplishments
Peace restored
Population grew
Roads, canals, internal economy grew
Tokugawas dynamic through mid-1700s
Inflexibility
Mid-1800s: Japan forced open by foreign powers (U.S. Commodore Perry)
Tokugawa rule ended 1868

19. Ming Dynasty 1368-1644 Ruled world’s most populous state
Restored ethnic Chinese rule after 400 years’ foreign domination

20. Founder Zhu Yuanzhang Military commander in revolt against Mongols
Peasant origins
Buddhist monk
Military commander in revolt against Mongols
Became Hongwu emperor
Laws favorable to peasants

21. Hall of Harmony

22. Dragon throne

23. Peak of cultural grandeur & elegance
Confucianism revived
Civil service exams reinstated, expanded
Return to scholar-gentry dominance
Zhuxi
(Neoconfucian)
Kaifeng

24. Foreign relations: Most dynamic dynasty
1300s-1400s: active in conquering neighbors
Population growth based on new American crops
Corn
Potato
Sweet potato
(Cotton)
Ming peasant with wheelbarrow

25. Great Wall Final & lasting reconstruction Built last 1000 kilometers

26. Culture Principal strength in 1500s-1600s Art & literature Silk
Novels
Silk
Porcelain

27. Ming porcelain Emperors were biggest customers
Prized by wealthy across Eurasia
Rougher, more durable pieces sold to foreigners
For silver
American silver gave Europeans much greater access to Chinese markets

28. Europeans began arriving
Portuguese, then Spanish
China was too big to conquer
Established trading houses
Chinese image of 18th-century European sailor

29. Matteo Ricci Jesuit priest & scholar Traveled in China
Respected by Chinese
Traveled in China
Adopted Chinese dress
Learned language
Appointed court mathematician & astronomer
Little success in spreading Christianity

30. Voyages of discovery Zheng He Mongol, eunuch
7 naval voyages,

31. 7 Voyages of Zheng He

32. Zheng He’s fleet 1st expedition: 62 large ships 200 smaller ships
28000 men

33. Compared to Europeans Zheng He’s ships 400 feet long
Santa Maria 85 feet

34. Why did they stop? Interesting but not practical
Giraffes, zebras
Glamorous but expensive
Analogy: US cut back space program

35. Chinese/European point of view
Emperor: curious, ambitious
Merchants opposed—China is rich already
Scholar gentry opposed
waste of money
threat to their power
Confucian bias against merchants & trade
Europeans: wide support
Increase national & personal wealth, power
Spread Christianity

36. Fall of Ming Poor leadership Internal corruption Peasant revolts
Manchu (Northern nomads) invaded
Founded Qing dynasty

37. Qing Dynasty
Last dynasty
Kangxi Emperor

38. Kangxi 1662-1722 A Manchu Open to New Ideas
Welcomes Jesuits
Create European style maps
Hold important offices
Their medical knowledge (quinine) saves him from malaria
Jesuits compromise to convert Chinese-allow Confucian ancestor worship/Pope objects & Kangxi orders all missionaries to sign a certificate accepting his position in support of Jesuits-breach develops, later Ching emperors persecuted them

39. China Qing government fearful of Russia and the Mongols rising power
Military campaigned to expand the Qing empire as a buffer zone protecting them from Russia
Also ended any threat from Mongols
One of the great land empires

41. China Qing did not force Chinese culture on conquered peoples
Allowed local leaders to continue to rule as long as they obeyed Qing policies
Also practiced religious and cultural tolerance
Limited actions of pastoral nomads which reduced their numbers
Neglected trade routes along the Silk Roads because they preferring ocean trade

42. Russia The other great land empire in China
Ivan the Great (III) expelled the Mongols and began Russia’s history of expansion
Ivan the Terrible (VI) expanded into Siberia
Peter the Great and Catherine the Great added areas near the Black Sea

44. Russia
Russia also ended the era of nomadic pastorialists by encouraging farming
Placed restrictions on local peasants into “mita” type situations
Also tended to be religiously tolerant

45. Russia
Peter and Catherine also sought to “westernize” Russia to only moderate success
P – built a new “modern, western” city: St. Petersburg
Both modernized the military and invited foreign advisors in
C – attached Russia to the western Europe political and cultural system
C – invited immigrants to settle

46. Peter Catherine

47. Russia Continuities Serfdom Absolute Monarchy
Peter and Catherine could change this (Catherine started the process) but did not
Absolute Monarchy
Chose not to limit the power of the Tsar or Tsarina

48. Western Europe
Spain, England, Portugal and France choose to create sea based empires in the Americas
These colonies became a vital part of the mercantile system
Provided raw materials and “captive” markets
All sought to convert natives to Christianity

50. Differences in Governing the Americas
Spanish and Portuguese monarchs had a “hands-on” approach to governing their American colonies
Viceroys used as Kings representatives in colonies
Couldn’t make even the smallest decision
Dutch, French, English chose a “hands- off” policy
Salutory Neglect
Fostered an independent spirit which led to revolutions!!!

51. Absolute & Constitutional Monarchies
Spain, Russia, France and others held on to Absolute Monarchy
England shifted to a Parliamentary Monarchy in 1689