2. Non – Mendelian Genetics

3. *Not all traits follow Mendel’s rules!

4. *Not all traits follow the rules! Some don’t have dominance! Some have more than one dominant trait! Some are regulated by many genes, not just one! Some are dependent on your gender! –Sorry guys :(

5. Incomplete dominance Heterozygote shows a blended phenotype –Example: RR = red flowers WW = white flowers RW = pink flowers –make 50% less color RRWWRW

6. Incomplete dominance true-breeding red flowers true-breeding white flowers X P 100% 100% pink flowers F 1 generation (hybrids) self-pollinate 25% white F 2 generation 25% red 1:2:1 50% pink

7. Co-dominance 2 alleles affect the phenotype equally & separately –not blended phenotype –Example: ABO blood groups 3 alleles –I A, I B, i –I A & I B alleles are co-dominant »Both expressed –i allele recessive to both

8. What is the phenotype? I A i I B i I A I A I B I B ii AB A B A B O

9. Sex-linked Traits First 22 pairs of chromosomes are called AUTOSOMAL CHROMOSOMES Last pair is the SEX CHROMOSOMES –Females: XX –Males: XY

10. Sex – Linked Traits Always 50/50 chance of having a boy or a girl XY X X XX XY XX

11. Sex-linked –usually means “X-linked” –more than 60 diseases on genes on X chromosome Human X chromosome

12. Human X-chromosome Women have 2 copies –Getting one “bad” X has little/no effect other X will compensate Men have only 1 copy –Getting one bad X chromosome gives them the disease No backup X Ex. Colorblindness –Hemophilia –Balding

13. Hemophilia Hh x HH XHYXHY XHXhXHXh XHXhXHXh XHXH XhXh XHYXHY Y XHXH sex-linked recessive XHXH Y male / sperm XHXH XhXh female / eggs XHXHXHXH XHXhXHXh XHYXHYXhYXhY XHXHXHXH XHYXHY XHXhXHXh XhYXhY carrierdisease

14. Pedigrees Like a family tree Tracks traits through generations by recognizing phenotype

15. Pedigrees represent females represents males Shading represents “affected individual” Half shading (if present) represents carrier

16. Polygenic Inheritance Traits with more than one gene controlling their expression

17. Environmental Effects on Traits Some genes are activated by the environment –Ex: Fur color in animals

18. Chromosomal Abnormalities Problems can arise when chromosomes are changed –Too many –Too few –Parts missing –Parts added

19. Changes in Chromosome Number Occurs during meiosis –NONDISJUNCTION: chromosomes are not equally pulled to new cells

20. Chromosomal Mutations DELETION – part of a chromosome deleted DUPLICATION – part of a chromosome copied

21. Chromosomal Mutations INVERSION - Part of a chromosome gets reversed TRANSLOCATION – part of one chromosome gets swapped with another

22. Karyotypes Used to ID chromosomal abnormalities

23. Normal Karyotype 2 copies of each autosomal chromosome 2 X’s in females; 1 X, 1 Y in males No deletions or insertions No extra copies