2. Biochemistry the study of the molecules that make up living things

3. Organic Compounds Molecules that contain both Carbon and Hydrogen such as…… CH 4 or C 6 H 5 OH Other Examples: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)

4. Inorganic Compounds Do not contain both carbon and hydrogen Examples: Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Oxygen (O 2 ) Water (H 2 O)

5. I. Carbohydrates A. Functions major source of energy for cells also used to construct cell structures

6. Dietary Sources of Carbohydrates Carbohydrates should make up approximately 50% of daily calories Dietary Sources of Carbohydrates Carbohydrates should make up approximately 50% of daily calories

7. Dietary Sources of Carbohydrates Dietary Sources of Carbohydrates Fiber Starches Sugar

8. B. Naming Carbohydrates B. Naming Carbohydrates Most carbohydrate names end in “-ose”

9. C. Chemical Structure All carbohydrates contain the elements carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is 2:1 Carbohydrates have a “ring-like” structure

10. Carbohydrate C 6 H 12 O 6

11. Types of Carbohydrates 1. Monosaccharides Types of Carbohydrates 1. Monosaccharides “one sugar” AKA : (simple sugars)

12. Glucose Song Click here to play video and song

13. All monosaccharides have the same molecular formula: C 6 H 12 O 6

14. Examples of Monosaccharides Glucose also known as blood sugar/simple sugar Fructose ◦ sweetest sugar ◦ found in honey, fruits Galactose less sweet – precursor to breast milk

15. Monosaccharides isomers: have the same molecular formula, but different structural formulas glucose, fructose and galactose are isomers

16. Same number of atoms of each molecule, different structure ALL are…….. C 6 H 12 O 6

17. 2. Disaccharides “two sugars” General formula = C 12 H 22 0 11 CAN YOU SEE WHAT WAS LOST?????

18. 2. Disaccharides “two sugars” Two monosaccharides chemically joined together by a chemical reaction called dehydration synthesis

19. Dehydration Synthesis Dehydration: to lose water Synthesis: to make

20. Dehydration Synthesis

21. Formation of a Disaccharide GlucoseFructose H2OH2O

22. Formation of a Disaccharide Sucrose Glycosidic Bond

23. Dehydration Synthesis Animation of Dehydration Synthesis

24. Examples of Disaccharides Sucrose- table sugar (sugar cane) ( Glucose and Fructose )

25. Examples of Disaccharides Lactose-sugar present in milk ( Galactose and Glucose ) “Lactose Intolerance” Individuals lack an enzyme (lactase) that breaks down lactose

26. Examples of Disaccharides Maltose: part of a larger carbohydrate ( Glucose and Glucose ) Breaks down with heat Bread tastes sweeter after toasting Flavoring for beer

27. How do we break down (digest) a disaccharide? ADD WATER

28. Hydrolysis Opposite process of dehydration synthesis “Lyse” = to break “Hydro” = water Large molecules are digested by the addition of water to break chemical bonds

29. Hydrolysis Reactions

30. Hydrolysis

31. Hydrolysis Animation of Hydrolysis

32. 3. Polysaccharides (Complex Carbohydrates) “many sugars”----------POLYMER Hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides chemically joined together by dehydration synthesis

33. Examples of Polysaccharides Cellulose Starch Glycogen Chitin

34. Examples of Polysaccharides Cellulose Gives plant cell walls a rigid structure Humans cannot digest it → fiber Cows, goats have bacteria in their gut that digest cellulose

35. Examples of Polysaccharides Starch Stored form of sugar in plants

36. Examples of Polysaccharides Glycogen Stored form of sugar in liver, muscle of animals

37. Examples of Polysaccharides Chitin Makes up exoskeleton of insects, crustaceans

38. II. Lipids Include fats, oils, waxes, steroids

39. II. Lipids Video TED-ED Fats

40. A. Functions 1. Stored form of energy (More then Carbohyrates) 2. Used to form cell membranes 3. Transport fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)

41. Functions 4. Provide essential fatty acids for the synthesis of hormones 5. Cushions vital organs (heart, kidneys, liver) 6. Insulation for body to conserve heat

42. B. Chemical Structure of Fatty Acid and Lipids 1. Contain the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a linear structure, and are long 1. Ratio of H:O is greater than 2:1 2. Have a carboxyl group( COOH ) at an end of chain.

43. B. Chemical Structure of Fatty Acid and Lipids

44. B. Chemical Structure of Fatty Acids and Lipids Triglycerides are a type of lipid formed by dehydration synthesis of one molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids

45. Glycerol A simple sugar alcohol compound, that is the backbone to triglycerides Used to make triglycerides in human liver and adipose (Fat Cells)

46. Triglyceride

47. Dehydration Synthesis of a Lipid/Triglyceride

48. Dehydration Synthesis of a Lipid Animation of formation of Triglyceride How many H2O molecules are formed during this process? Why?

49. Triglyceride During digestion, glycerol is split from fatty acids and may recombine with them to form stored fat

50. Chemical Structure of Lipids 4. Phospholipids make up cell membranes and are produced by dehydration synthesis of one glycerol with 2 fatty acids and one phosphate group

51. Phospholipids

52. Saturated Fats Usually from animal sources Solid at room temperature Include butter, bacon, cheese, egg yolk Diets high in saturated fats increase the risk for cardiovascular disease

53. Unsaturated Fats Unsaturated Fats from plant sources liquid at room temperature consumption can decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease

54. Describe the difference between these two fats?

55. Types of Unsaturated Fats a. Monounsaturated Fats: olive oil Have one double bond between carbon atoms

56. Types of Unsaturated Fats b. Polyunsaturated Fats: soybean, safflower oils; fish oils Have two or more double bonds between carbon atoms

57. 3. Trans Fats (Hydrogenated Fats) Food Manufacturers convert unsaturated vegetable oils to saturated fats, making them solid, by adding hydrogen Very unhealthy type of fat.

58. Protein Song Protein SongProtein SongProtein Song

59. III. Protein Tens of thousands of different proteins make up the human body Each protein has a unique 3-dimensional structure that corresponds to a specific function Proteins perform most of the jobs the body needs to function

60. A. Functions Make up structures of the body and individual cells (structural proteins) Used to move substances throughout the body and into and out of cells (transport proteins)

61. A. Functions Used to make Antibodies (chemical defense) To form Hormones To form Enzymes ( needed for all chemical reactions

62. B. Chemical Structure Proteins are made up of the elements: carbon (C) hydrogen (H) oxygen (O) nitrogen (N) Proteins are nitrogenous compounds: they contain the element: nitrogen

63. Proteins are polymers Proteins are made up of building blocks (monomers) called amino acids

64. Amino acids each consist of a central carbon atom with: -COOH (carboxyl group) -NH2 (amino group) -H (hydrogen atom) -R (functional group – different for each of the 20 different amino acids)

66. Both lipids and amino acids have carboxyl groups

67. There are 20 different amino acids in humans, each differing in their functional group (R) 12 of the amino acids can be synthesized by the human body (infants can make 11) ► nonessential amino acids The other 8 amino acids must be obtained from the diet ► essential amino acids

68. Dipeptide: 2 amino acids joined together by dehydration synthesis

69. Animation dehydration synthesis to form a dipeptide

70. Peptide Bond

71. Which arrow points to the peptide bond??? A peptide bond forms when 2 amino acids are chemically joined

72. 100 or more amino acids joined together = polypeptide

73. Amino Acids Monomers (building blocks) that make up proteins Proteins are polymers Are carbohydrates polymers??? Are lipids polymers???

74. Protein Structure The structure or shape of a protein is important for its function. The directions come from DNA

75. Protein Structure Structure defines function and is very specific!!!!

76. Primary Structure of a Protein Is the linear sequence of amino acids The Code (directions) for making proteins comes from DNA.

77. It is the (R) group of one amino acid that interacts with another amino acid that give a protein its shape It might be a positive charge, a negative charge, hydrophobic or hydrophilic

78. Primary structure –The specific sequence of amino acids in a protein 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 129 Amino acid Figure 3.21

79. A slight change in the primary structure of a protein affects its ability to function –The substitution of one amino acid for another in hemoglobin causes sickle-cell disease Figure 3.22 (a) Normal red blood cellNormal hemoglobin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7... 146 (b) Sickled red blood cellSickle-cell hemoglobin 2 3 1 45 6 7... 146

80. Proteins have four levels of structure Protein Shape Figure 3.23 1.Primary Structure – Single Chain 1.Secondary Structure: Alpha Helix or Beta Pleated Sheet – These are formed by HYDROGEN BONDING 1.Tertiary Structure – Formed by other chemical bonds of functional groups 1.Quaternary Structure – Two or more polypeptides put together

81. Proteins have four levels of structure Protein Shape Figure 3.23 Hydrogen bond Pleated sheet Amino acid (a) Primary structure Hydrogen bond Alpha helix (b) Secondary structure Polypeptide (single subunit) (c) Tertiary structure Complete protein, with four polypeptide subunits (d) Quaternary structure

83. Protein Video

84. A protein’s shape is sensitive to the surrounding environment What affects Protein Structure? –Unfavorable temperature and pH changes can cause a protein to unravel and lose its shape –The protein is then said to have Denatured and it does not function at all.

85. 37° Temperature temperature reaction rate human enzymes/protein

86. Each enzyme/protein works best within a narrow pH range

87. DNA is a Polymer – made up of thousands of repeating units called nucleotides

88. Nucleotide: 1.Phosphate Group 2.Deoxyribose (5-carbon sugar) molecule 3.Nitrogenous Base

89. Important: The bases are held together by Weak Hydrogen Bonds

90. Molecules Gone Wild