1. Chapter 2 Review

2. What is an atom?

3. The smallest basic unit of matter.

4. What is mass?

5. The amount of matter in an object.

6. What is matter?

7. Anything that takes up space and has mass.

8. What are all living things based on?

9. Atoms and their interactions.

10. What is the middle part of the atom called?

11. Nucleus

12. What is contained within the nucleus?

13. Protons and Neutrons

14. What are the three subatomic particles and their charges?

15. Electrons (-) Protons (+) Neutrons (neutral)

16. What is a compound?

17. Made of atoms of different elements bonded together.

18. Provide two examples of compounds.

19. Water, carbon dioxide, …

20. What is an ion?

21. An atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons. (an atom with a charge)

22. What forms between oppositely charged ions?

23. Ionic bond

24. What is a covalent bond?

25. A bond formed between atoms sharing electrons.

26. What is a polar molecule?

27. A molecule with a slightly charged region.

28. What is a non-polar molecule?

29. A molecule that does not have a slightly charged region.

30. What do hydrogen bonds form between?

31. Slightly positive hydrogen atoms and slightly negative atoms.

32. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for what three important properties of water?

33. High specific, cohesion, adhesion

34. What is high specific heat?

35. The amount of energy 1 gram of a substance must absorb or release to change its temperature 1˚C

36. What is cohesion?

37. Like molecules sticking together; mutual attraction

38. What is adhesion?

39. The tendency of dissimilar particles or forces to cling to one another.

40. What is a solution?

41. Something that is formed when one substance dissolves in another.

42. What does homogenous mean?

43. The same throughout

44. What is a homogenous mixture?

45. A mixture that is uniform throughout; all areas are the same composition

46. What is a solvent?

47. Something that dissolves other substances.

48. What is a solute?

49. Something that is dissolved in a substance.

50. What will polar solvents dissolve?

51. Polar solutes.

52. What will non-polar solvents dissolve?

53. Non-polar solutes

54. What will happen between polar substances and non-polar substances?

55. Generally, they remain separate.

56. What will an acid release when it is dissolved in water?

57. Hydrogen ions

58. What will a base remove from a solution?

59. Hydrogen ions

60. What is neutral pH?

61. 7

62. What are the three general structures of carbon-based molecules?

63. Straight chain, branched chain, ring

64. What is a monomer?

65. Individual subunits.

66. What is a polymer?

67. A group of monomers put together.

68. What are the 4 categories of organic compounds?

69. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.

70. What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?

71. monosaccharide

72. Name three monosaccharides.

73. Glucose, fructose, galactose

74. What is the chemical formula for glucose?

75. C6H12O6

76. What is made from combining two monosaccharides?

77. disaccharide

78. What are three disaccharides?

79. Sucrose, lactose, maltose

80. What is the chemical formula for a disaccharide?

81. C12H22O11

82. What is a dehydration reaction?

83. A reaction that involves the removal of a water molecule.

84. What suffix means carbohydrate (or sugar)?

85. ose

86. What is a polysaccharide?

87. A group of monosaccharides put together.

88. What is cellulose?

89. A sugar that is the primary strengthening ingredient in plant cell walls.

90. What is the identifying characteristic of a lipid?

91. Non-soluble in water

92. What are the three categories of lipids?

93. Triglycerides, waxes, steroids.

94. Give two examples of triglycerides.

95. Table oil, baby oil, synovial fluid, sebum,…

96. Give two examples of a wax.

97. Vernix, smegma, cerumen, cuticle

98. Give two examples of a steroid.

99. Testosterone, progesterone, estrogen, dexamethasone, cortisone.

100. What are the functions of a fat?

101. Insulation, protection, storage of energy

102. What is the monomer of a protein?

103. Amino acid

104. How many amino acids are there?

105. 22

106. How many amino acids are essential?

107. 9

108. What does essential amino acid mean?

109. It must be taken in through your diet.

110. What are proteins used for?

111. Growth and repair

112. What are enzymes a derivative of?

113. Proteins

114. What is an enzyme?

115. A biological catalyst

116. What is a catalyst?

117. Something that causes a reaction to occur without actually being involved in the reaction itself.

118. What is amylase?

119. The enzyme in saliva that breaks down starch.

120. What does the ending “-ase” mean?

121. enzyme

122. What does the ending “-one” mean?

123. Steroid

124. What is the monomer of a nucleic acid?

125. Nucleotide

126. What are the nitrogen bases found in DNA?

127. Cytosine, thymine, adenine, guanine

128. What are the nitrogen bases found in RNA?

129. Uracil, cytosine, adenine, guanine

130. What are the pyrimidines?

131. Uracil, cytosine, thymine

132. What are the purines?

133. Adenine, guanine

134. What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

135. Pentose, nitrogen base, phosphate

136. What is the pentose in DNA?

137. Deoxyribose

138. What is the pentose in RNA?

139. Ribose

140. What is the chemical formula for a phosphate?

141. PO4(-3)

142. What forms the “backbone” of DNA and RNA?

143. Pentose and phosphate

144. What are changed during a chemical reaction?

145. reactants

146. What are created during a chemical reaction?

147. Products

148. What is bond energy?

149. The amount of energy required to break a bond.

150. What is added to break bonds?

151. Energy

152. When is a chemical reaction at equilibrium?

153. When reactants and products form at the same rate.

154. What is activation energy?

155. The amount of energy that needs to be absorbed to start a chemical reaction.

156. What is an exothermic reaction?

157. Reactions that release more energy than they absorb.

158. What is an endothermic reaction?

159. Reaction that absorbs more energy than it releases.

160. What does a catalyst lower?

161. Activation energy

162. How do catalysts speed up chemical reactions?

163. By increasing the activation rate.

164. Most enzymes are made up of what?

165. Proteins

166. Disruptions in what can prevent enzymes from functioning?

167. Homeostasis

168. What is a substrate?

169. A molecule on which an enzyme acts.

170. What is an active site?

171. The spot on the enzyme that accepts substrates.

172. Where are electrons found in an atom?

173. Electron shell or electron cloud.

174. When is an atom balanced?

175. When it has the same number of electrons and protons.

176. When is an atom “happy”?

177. When its outer most electron level is full.

178. What does “therm” mean?

179. Heat

180. What does “exo” mean?

181. Outside

182. What does “endo” mean?

183. Within