1. University of Utah 1 Altair 8800 How to make it usable? -Peripherals -Programming language

2. University of Utah 2 Altair 8800 How to make it usable? -Peripherals -Programming language -Disk storage and OS

3. University of Utah 3 DOS ?? Not MS-DOS (yet) Mainframe DOS vs microcomputer DOS -multi-user vs single-user -multi-tasking vs single-tasking -roomful of peripherals vs few peripherals

4. University of Utah 4 CP/M “Control Program for Micros” De facto OS for microcomputers in late 1970s / early 1980s

5. University of Utah 5 CP/M “Control Program for Micros” De facto OS for microcomputers in late 1970s / early 1980s But where did it come from?

6. University of Utah 6 Contractor for Intel PL/I cross compiler for 8080 chip -PL/M Gary Kildall

7. University of Utah 7 Developed simple disk controller as a side- project (CP/M) Intel didn’t want it... Gary Kildall

8. University of Utah 8 Digital Research Founded by Gary Kildall and wife Dorothy McEwen (1976) -originally “Intergalactic Digital Research” CP/M as main product -< $100

9. University of Utah 9 Porting blues Many 8080-based systems out there CP/M had to be ported to each! -A hassle Along comes IMSAI (1977)

10. University of Utah 10 10 Porting blues Refactored CP/M -larger part was cross-platform -smaller part was platform-specific Now only small part had to be rewritten for each new platform!

11. University of Utah 11 11 Porting blues Refactored CP/M -larger part was cross-platform -smaller part was platform-specific Now only small part had to be rewritten for each new platform! BIOS -“Basic Input / Output System”

12. University of Utah 12 12 IMSAI 8080 “Clone” of Altair 8800 http://www.imsai.net/Movies/WarGames.htm

13. University of Utah 13 13 IMSAI 8080 The WarGames computer! http://www.imsai.net/Movies/WarGames.htm

14. University of Utah 14 14 CP/M Demo

15. University of Utah 15 15 Meanwhile... Microcomputer revolution takes place in mid-1970s What were the “big” computer companies doing?

16. University of Utah 16 16 DEC Big and faster VAX-11 (1977) -follow-up to PDP-11 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Vax11-780.jpg

17. University of Utah 17 17 VAX Technical specifications -32-bit address space -virtual memory -16 general purpose registers -million instructions per second

18. University of Utah 18 18 VAX Classic “CISC” architecture -250 instructions -Try to do as much as possible in hardware! example: POLY instruction

19. University of Utah 19 19 VAX Plural: “vaxen” $120,000 Approx. 100,000 sold in 1970’s - 1980’s

20. University of Utah 20 20 VAX Operating Systems -VMS -UNIX Internet nodes

21. University of Utah 21 21 VAX Operating Systems -VMS -UNIX Internet nodes Software outlives hardware!

22. University of Utah 22 22 VT-100 Terminal for VAX machines (1978) 80x24 text display ASCII http://vt100.net/vt_history

23. University of Utah 23 23 IBM What was IBM doing in 1970’s? -continuing System/370 line -minicomputers (System/38) -experimental “personal” computers

24. University of Utah 24 24 IBM What was IBM doing in 1970’s? -continuing System/370 line -minicomputers (System/38) -experimental “personal” computers -Oh, and hiring lawyers...! U.S. vs. IBM (1969 - 1981)

25. University of Utah 25 25 DEC and IBM Missed the microcomputer bandwagon DEC -sells architecture, not computers -“corporate jewels” IBM -distracted by other concerns

26. University of Utah 26 26 Reminder Midterm on Friday! One sheet of notes

27. University of Utah 27 27 “Test Question” On a scrap of paper, write a question that encapsulates one of the points from today's class, and turn it in. (Put your name on it!)