1. Safety hazards in aviation, emergencies and their solutions 1LT Jan KALVODA 22nd AFB Náměšť

2. Abbreviations RCF UCS ATSU ATC POB TWR RWY SSR RTB WOC SMS NCNG

3. Definitions Hazard - Condition or object with the potential of causing injuries to personnel, damage to equipment or structures, loss of material, or reduction of ability to perform a prescribed function. Consequence – Potential outcome(s) of the hazard

4. Type of hazards  Human factors  Natural  Technical  Economic

5. Human errors Active error  breach of standart procedures  unconcentration, oversight, tiredness, runway incursion, incompliance with UCS. Latent error  system failure  problem hidden in system, equipment or management. (tiredness)

6. Natural hazards Severe weather or climatic events: hurricanes, major winter storms, drought, tornadoes, thunderstorms lightning, and wind shear Adverse weather conditions: Icing, freezing precipitation, heavy rain, snow, winds, and restrictions to visibility Geophysical events: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, floods and landslides Geographical conditions: adverse terrain or large bodies of water Environmental events: wildfires, wildlife activity, and insect or pest infestation. Public health events: epidemics of influenza or other diseases

7. Technical hazards Deficiencies regarding:  aircraft and aircraft components, systems, subsystems and related equipment  an organization’s facilities, tools, and related equipment  facilities, systems, sub-systems and related equipment that are external to the organization

8. Economic hazards Major trends related to:  Cost of material or equipment  Growth  Recession  Etc.

9. Safety management system  is a systematic approach to managing safety, including the necessary organisational structures, accountabilities, policies and procedures. Participant units  aircraft operators;  aircraft maintenance  organisations;  air navigation services providers;  airport operators

10. PATHOLOGICAL REACTIVE CALCULATIVE PROACTIVE GENERATIVE Safety Culture indicators chronic unease safety seen as a profit centre new ideas are welcomed we are serious, but why don’t they do what they’re told? endless discussions to re-classify accidents Safety is high on the agenda after an accident the lawyers said it was OK of course we have accidents, it’s a dangerous business sack the idiot who had the accident resources are available to fix things before an accident management is open but still obsessed with statistics procedures are “owned” by the workforce we cracked it! lots and lots of audits HSE advisers chasing statistics

11. Need for Emergency Procedures Organizations are frequently required to have written emergency procedures in place to comply with statutory requirements WHY? to protect staff, the public, the environment, the business, their property and their reputation.

12. Emergency situations Radiocommunication failure Birdstrike System failure (hydraulics, electric,vibration..) Pilot incapacitation Depressurization Fire of engine, smoke in cabin Engine flameout Aquaplanning NCNG Jammed gun

13. Consequences of emergency situations Some technical problem can led to: Flapless landing, hot brakes Autorotation Gear troubles Ditching Belly landing Ejection

14. Emergency signals Distress signal: MAYDAY -Is used to indicate that an aircraft is in distress and requires immediate assistance, and has priority over all communications.

15. Emergency signals Urgency signal: PAN-PAN - Is used when the safety of a mobile craft is in jeopardy or an unsafe situation exists that may eventually involve a need for assistance and has priority over all but distress traffic.

16. Emergency statuses of an airport  Local standby  Full emergency  rescue Air crash

17. Emergency SSR codes There are three wordwide codes, which are used for notification of ATCo about emergency situation on board. 7700 – emergency (SOS, MAYDAY) 7600 - Radio failure (lost communications) 7500 – Aircraft hijacking

18. Principles of assistance  A acknowledge  Sseparate  Ssupport  Iinform  Ssilence  Ttime

19. Solution to a specific emergency situation: RCF 1)Find out if pilot is able to receive any information 2)Inform relating traffic and others ATS, mainly TWR in order to alert emergency units. 3)Transmit blind, clear- up airspace. 4)Priority for landing 5)Visual signal for landing

20. Solution to a specific emergency situation: Laser illumination 1)Figure out the precise position of the aircraft 2)Find out info about the crew and source of laser (colour of laser, persistence..) 3)Make sure that the pilot is able to control the aircraft. 4)Intention of captain (RTB, injuries…) 5)Call to WOC and Police and hand over information to arrest the deliquents. 6)Local standby or full emergency status.

21. Solution to a specific emergency situation: Birdstrike 1)According to an emergency signal from the pilot alert ground personnel and emg. units. 2)Make sure that the pilot is able control the aircraft. 3)Priority for landing, clear-up airspace. 4)Intention of the captain 5)Find out: POB, fuel rest, dangerous goods. 6)Inform TWR, and others ATS if necessary. 7)RWY check after every emergency landing.

22. Thank you for your attention…