2. * Sumerians—an ancient people of northern Mesopotamia * Pentateuch—the first 5 books of the Torah, or Old Testament. * Hazozra—trumpet * Shofarim—many ram’s horns * Mode—a scale made up of 4-6 notes

3. * If you use only the white keys on the piano, the patterns of whole and half steps create a variety of modes. * In a major scale, the half-steps are between scale degrees 3-4 and 7-8. * Some common modes: * Dorian: half steps: 2-3, 6-7 * Lydian: half-steps: 4-5, 7-8

5. * Test this Friday * Reading Outline #11 due Thursday. * Outline of slide show due this Friday- 10-15 slides

6. * The big 5 composers of Broadway if lyricist and melodist are treated as one, were Berlin, Porter, Rodgers and Hart, Ira and George Gershwin, and Kern. * Broadway was influenced by Italian Opera when Jerome kern in his early musical comedies used plain folk as replacements for the figures of operetta royalty: countesses and princes. * Song adaptors are ruled by the axiom ‘make it “singable” to be salable and playable to be payable”

9. * What instruments make up this ensemble? * Who has the melody? * What Jewish song is most similar to this example?

10. * Prokofiev overture contains the Yiddish song zayt gezunterheyt, which means stay healthy. * When the 6 th step in a major key is flattened, the music takes on a beguiling quality, major in the bottom half and minor in the top half. * Rhythm proved important in nonreligious music only; it was the driving factor in work and dance, as well as in outdoor activities.

11. * Using your list of Yiddish to English changes, write three sentences containing the same syntax as the given examples.

12. * So, what would have been so terrible if I had a small fortune? (If I were a Rich Man) * They laughed at me wanting you, Said it would be, "hello, goodbye.” (They all laughed)

13. * What makes this recording sound “old”? * What word beginning with S describes the rhythm used in this example?

14. * Fascinating rhythm is based on the tune from an old Torah blessing. * For the first time since ancient history, when synagogue cantillation influenced church plainchant, Jews contributed significantly to the music of the mainstream: tin pan alley, Broadway and Hollywood. * Cradle songs were maternal kin to Gershwin’s theater songs.

15. * Maoz tsur rock of ages song consists of fragments from * 1. a german battle song * 2. a love song * 3.a Lutheran chorale

16. * Composer of White Christmas * Based on “Schulamis”, a Yiddish operetta by Goldfaden. * Even though it is minor, it is not meant to be sad. Jewish music frequently changes from minor to major in the course of a piece. * This is a perfect example of a common argument that music is not a universal language.

17. * Summertime borrows rhythmic and melodic materials from an old Yiddish lullaby and from the spiritual “Sometimes I feel like a Motherless Child”. * It is a combination of Jewish and African- American musical components. * Scale is modal in origin—Dorian or e natural minor. * Billie Holiday sings this version

18. * HOW DOTH the city sit solitary, that was full of people! How is she become as a widow! She that was great among the nations, and princess among the provinces, how is she become tributary! * She weepeth sore in the night, and her tears are on her cheeks; she hath none to comfort her among all her lovers; all her friends have dealt treacherously with her, they are become her enemies. * Judah is gone into exile because of affliction, and because of great servitude; she dwelleth among the nations, she findeth no rest; all her pursuers overtook her within the straits. * The ways of Zion do mourn, because none come to the solemn assembly; all her gates are desolate, her priests sigh; her virgins are afflicted, and she herself is in bitterness.

19. * Her adversaries are become the head, her enemies are at ease; for HaShem hath afflicted her for the multitude of her transgressions; her young children are gone into captivity before the adversary. * And gone is from the daughter of Zion all her splendour; her princes are become like harts that find no pasture, and they are gone without strength before the pursuer. * Jerusalem remembereth in the days of her affliction and of her anguish all her treasures that she had from the days of old; now that her people fall by the hand of the adversary, and none doth help her, the adversaries have seen her, they have mocked at her desolations.

20. * Name one type of Yiddish to English sentence structure conversion: * What types of music is the song Summertime based on? * How does the minor key in “Blue Skies” provide evidence that music is not a universal language? * When is rhythm important in Jewish music? * Name the big five broadway composers