1. A longitudinal analysis of park equity in Baltimore, MD 1970-2000 Global Institute of Sustainability Chona Sister Christopher Boone

4. African-American and high need populations have better walking access to parks, but have access to lower per-capita acres of parks than others Current patterns are in spite of a long history of neglecting recreational needs of African- Americans

5. Park Equity Los AngelesWolch et al. Latinos and low-income households have better access, but access to less acreage per capita than whites and high- income households Ramla and Lod (Israel) Omer and Ur Arabs have access to less acreage per capita than Jews PhoenixCutts et al. Latinos, less-educated, and lower-income households have better access, but access to less acreage per capita than white, wealthy, well-educated neighborhoods PortlandTalen Needs index

6. Hypotheses Blacks “inherited” much of Baltimore’s space and services from a combination of historic processes Black neighborhoods grew into formerly white communities better served with parks

7. Distributive Outcome equality Distribution of environmental disamenities (and amenities) Participative Process equality Fairness in decision-making, application of law, and institutions Environmental Justice Just distributions justly achieved

8. Comparing present day with historic patterns: 3 methods Quarter-mile access to parks -Provides a comparison of who have pedestrian access and who do not Needs-based index -Addresses equity issue; targeting a public good to groups in most need Potential park congestion -Measures distributional equity without the constraints of a pre-defined service area 2000 vs. 1970

9. 2000 = 7.9 park acres per 1,000 people 1970 = 5.3 park acres per 1,000 people

11. 19702000 Within ¼-mi buffer Beyond ¼-mile buffer Within ¼-mi buffer Beyond ¼-mile buffer Population75%25%74%26% Af-Am80%20%76%24% White73%27%70%30% Poverty15%12%26%21% Quarter-mile pedestrian access

12. Quarter mile access percentage

13. 1970 (acres/1000 pop) 2000 (acres/1000 pop) WhiteBlackWhiteBlack 25-502.4524.518.8924.21 50-7525.642.0625.3412.24 >7528.7217.6916.7933.42 Acres per 1K pop Park acres per 1K pop across race groups

14. Need Class Mean distance to park Maximum distance Std deviation Accessible acres per 1K pop 19702000197020001970200019702000 Low32831184686823024346.931.25 Med3042841,2771,27123124022.732.89 High2832141,4861,2722892485.912.38 Needs-based index

15. Needs-based Index: Accessible acres per 1,000 pop Acres per 1K pop

16. Needs-based index

17. 1970 2000 Potential park congestion

21. Summary Despite loss of 270,000 people, not significant differences in the equity of park distribution between 1970 and 2000. For both 1970 and 2000, African-American and high need populations have better walking access to parks, but have access to lower per-capita acres of parks than others

23. 19702000 Within ¼-mi buffer Beyond ¼-mile buffer Within ¼-mi buffer Beyond ¼-mile buffer Population75% (75%)25% (25%)74% (77%)26% (23%) Af-Am80% (78%)20% (22%)76% (81%)24% (19%) White73% (71%)27% (29%)70% (69%)30% (31%) Poverty15% (11%)12% (3%)26% (19%)21% (4%) Note: values in parenthesis are taken from estimates using areal weighting and assuming homogeneity Within the Census tracts Quarter-mile pedestrian access