1. What is a primary and secondary source?
Warm Up – 9/4
In your note book
What is a primary and secondary source?

2. A primary source is a document or physical object which was written or created during the time under study. These sources were present during an experience or time period and offer an inside view of a particular event. Some types of primary sources include:

3. ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS (excerpts or translations acceptable): Diaries, speeches, manuscripts, letters, interviews, news film footage, autobiographies,
official records 
CREATIVE WORKS: Poetry, drama, novels, music, art 
RELICS OR ARTIFACTS: Pottery, furniture, clothing, buildings
Examples of primary sources include:Diary of Anne Frank - Experiences of a Jewish family during WWII 
The Constitution of Canada - Canadian History 
A journal article reporting NEW research or findings 
Weavings and pottery - Native American history 
Plato's Republic - Women in Ancient Greece 

4. A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary sources
A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary sources. These sources are one or more steps removed from the event. Secondary sources may have pictures, quotes or graphics of primary sources in them.

5. PUBLICATIONS: Textbooks, magazine articles, histories, criticisms, commentaries, encyclopedias 
Examples of secondary sources includes a journal/magazine article which interprets or reviews previous findings 
A history textbook 
A book about the effects of WWI 

6. Three worlds collide

7. Native Americans Before 1492
MIDDLE AND SOUTH AMERICA
Maya:
Advanced civilization in Guatemala and Yucatan Peninsula
Aztec:
Civilization in the Valley of Mexico
Conquered by the Spanish (Hernan Cortes)
Inca: 1200
Huge empire that settled in the western mountains of South America

8. Iroquois League: East (New York)
NORTH AMERICA
Algonquin: East
Apaches: Plains
Navajo: Southwest
Iroquois League: East (New York)
5 (later 6) Native American tribes united together for mutual protection against outsiders

9. Native American Culture
Land
Land cannot be bought or sold
Land = life (plants, animals, resources, shelter)
Religion
The world was full of spirits
Sometimes one spirit more powerful than others “Great Spirit”,
“the Creator”

10. Division of labor: assignment of jobs based on gender, age, or status
Social Organization
Family was the most important building block of society (kinship)
Organized in clans or tribes
Included extended family
Division of labor: assignment of jobs based on gender, age, or status
Some Native Americans trace female ancestry
Others trace ancestry through father
Many Native American societies were nomadic: moved around depending on animal migration, seasons, etc.

11. West Africa Before 1492 Ghana Mali
Controlled the Trans-Saharan trade because of its location and access to resources
Gold, salt, slaves, and ivory were most popular trade items
Mali
Similar to European nations because one king ruled collection of provinces

12. West African Culture Family Religion Jobs
Based around families (kinship)
Rank based on age – oldest family members in charge
Religion
Nature full of spirits - in living and non living objects
Single creator
Jobs
Farming/hunting/fishing
Land was owned by collectively by a village even though individual farmers worked the land
Trading
Used slave labor

14. Enslavement of West Africans
Europeans began to buy West African slaves
Many Europeans set up sugar plantations in the Americas
Plantation: ________________________________________________
Made Africans slaves work on plantations
West Africans
Europeans

15. Triangular Trade
Trade of ideas, goods, and people between the Americas, Africa, and Europe that began in the 1500s

16. The Middle Passage
The Middle Passage was the stage of the Triangular Trade in which millions of Africans were shipped to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade.
2 million slaves died on the ships
Boat ride was 1-6 months

17. Europeans in 1492 Family Nuclear family: parents and children Religion
Christianity, specifically Catholicism
Religion was so important, Europeans sent missionaries to convert people to Christianity
Nations
Western Europe beginning to separate into actual nations: Portugal, Spain, France, and England
What separates Europe from West African and Native American cultures?

18. European Exploration Europeans began exploring where? _______________
What did they trade? _____________
Portuguese were the first Europeans exploring the “New World”
One of the first Europeans to the “New World” is…
_______________________________________

19. Spanish Empire in the Americas
Spanish conquistadors (conquerors) came to the Americas
Europeans COULD explore because of new technology: compass, caravel, etc
Europeans WANTED to explore because: God, Gold (duh), and Glory
If the 3Gs were their mission, what type of people did the Spanish send to the Americas?

20. New Spain
Hernan Cortes was a famous conquistador who conquered the Aztec empire
Who were the Aztecs? European Native American African
Cortes and the Spanish conquered the empire because they had 1) motive AND 2) luck
1) ___________
2) Lots of Native Americans died once they came in contact with Europeans – why?
____________________

21. New Spain (continued)
In place of the Aztec empire, Cortes took over and established a Spanish colony called New Spain
Spain forced their culture on the (surviving) Native Americans
What do we mean by culture?
New Spain was governed by viceroys (governors)
Settlers were mostly men
These men often married native women (not Spanish)
Their children were called mestizos (mixed Spanish and Native American individual)

22. Native Americans in New Spain
Native Americans were slaves in the encomienda system
System of forced labor in which natives farmed for Spanish landlords on large plantations

23. French Colonists in the Americas
Why did the Europeans explore the Americas?
G________
France came for the money more than the other two
Most of their money came from the fur trade
To get to the furs, they explored west to the Ohio River Valley and Mississippi River
France had greater land area but less people than the British and Spanish colonies
Called New France

24. Native Americans in New France
The French treated the Native Americans as trading partners
What did they trade? _________
Natives were not necessarily enslaved in New France
The French and natives still had conflicts, there were just less conflicts than between the natives and the Spanish

25. NEW SPAIN NEW FRANCE

26. Cultural Clash
Name 3 groups: 1. 2. 3.
How do these groups interact?

27. Banana (Europe)
Sweet Potato (North America)
Citrus Fruits (Europe)
Tobacco (North America)
Coffee Beans (Europe)
Tomato (North America)
Grains (wheat, rice, barley, oats) (Europe)
Turkey (North America)
Grape (Europe)
Vanilla (North America)
Horse (Europe)
Avocado (North America)
Olive (Europe)
Corn (North America)
Onion (Europe)
Peanut (North America)
Peach & Pear (Europe)
Peppers (North America)
Pig (Europe)
Pineapple (North America)
Sheep (Europe)
Potato (North America)
Turnip (Europe)
Pumpkin (North America)
Sugar Cane (Europe)
Squash (North America)

28. Columbian Exchange
Portuguese sail to West Africa  Europeans and Africans interact
Bring African slaves over to “New World”  Africans and Native Americans
Columbus sails to “New World”  Europeans and Native Americans interact
Columbian Exchange = introduction of new plants and animals to Europe, Africa, and the Americas.