1. Human Security 1. Ever since a number of African state s gained independence in early 1960s, the continent has been faced by a number of conflicts. 2. Major problems have arisen-Liberia, sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Rwanda, Burundi, Lesotho, Mozambique, Angola, DRC, Zimbabwe (major theatres of war).

2. 2. Human security 1. Interstate- Eritrea-Ethiopia, DRC- Uganda, Rwanda 2. The groups in intra state are largely divided in relation to ethnic or religious groups, classes of people. 3. The types of weapons being used arte frequently small and cannot account for the proliferation of arms

3. 3. Human security 1. Contemporary wars are occasionally limited to the erosion of state control or collapse of state for example Somalia. 2. One intriguing feature of the conflicts is that they affect lives of civilians and in most cases the record of causalities is high among women, elderly and children.

4. 4 Human security 1. Genocide in Rwanda provides a valid example to the horrors of war on ordinary citizens. 2. Basically this has given rise to the discourse on human security

5. 5 human security A. Concept of human security. 1. UNDP in 1994 Human development report- it is developmentally oriented/focused. 2. It covers 7 main aspects of life that include economy, food, health, environment, personal, community and personal security.

6. 6. Human security 1. However the discourse failed to gain currency as preoccupation centred on human catastrophe brought by the conflicts 2. Stephen Stedman 1999 argued that the crisis in Africa especially at national and sub national level can be seen to centre around 4 main issues:

7. 7.human security Identity- involves the safe and self conception and self identities of individual within his or her membership in allegiance to particular community- economic, social, political, economic, territorial. The issue of identity determines the extent to which an individual sees himself/herself as member of the community.

8. 8. Human security a) Participation: refers to voluntary options and choice available to the individual for making demands of government and expressive support or lack of support for government policies. Exclusion of certain groups and individual from participation in political, social and cultural development are a recipe for conflicts:nigeria,sudan

9. 9 human security Distribution of resources- refers to who benefit from access to and the spread of values and resources in society. If politics can be defined as “who gets what, when and how” the issue of resource and values become central. “The authoritative allocation of values”.

10. 10 human security a) The manners in which the resources are distributed determine the degree of justice, fairness and equity that is attributed to the government.

11. 11. Human security a) Legitimacy- involves the individual belief in the rightness of ruler, government competence in society. Zimbabwe, Madagascar, Rwanda.