2.  After Napoleon’s reign ended, Great European powers moved to restore much of the old order  To arrange a final peace settlement between Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia  Met at the Congress of Vienna  Led by Austrian foreign minister Prince Klemens von Metternich under principle of legitimacy rule

4.  Map of Europe: 1812

6.  What is conservatism?  Political philosophy based on tradition and social stability  Favored obedience to political authority and organized religion  Hated revolutions, unwilling to accept individual rights or representative government  Meetings to maintain peace in Europe called the Concert of Europe  Principle of intervention allowed great powers to send armies to areas to kill revolutions and restore legitimate monarchs to the throne

7.  Liberalism  While conservative governments were in charge, powerful forces such as liberalism were spreading.liberalism  Liberals wanted  Freedom from government restraints  Protection of civil liberties, such as freedom of the press, speech, religion, petition the government  Separation of church and state  government rule by constitution.  Many liberals wanted a written document like the American Bill of Rights.  Liberals did not believe in democracy, no individual right to vote  Favored mainly by industrial middle class

8.  Nationalism  People’s awareness of being part of a community with common institutions, traditions, language, and customs.  People owe loyalty to the nation  Nationalism was a threat to conservatism because giving independence to nationalistic groups would upset the balance of power established at the Congress of Vienna.  Beginning in 1830, liberalism and nationalism led to revolution in Europe. France and Belgium overthrew the current regimes, while Poland and Italy were unsuccessful in their rebellions.

9.  France  King Louis Philippe refused to make changes and was overthrown  Radical Republicans took over and wrote a new constitution  Established a republic-government in which leaders are elected  Provisional government called for Constituent Assembly and Universal Male Suffrage-all adult male vote  Provisional government set up national workshops for unemployed  Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte becomes new president

10. FRANCE  Economic troubles in France led to a new rebellion in 1846. The monarchy was overthrown, and the new government established the policy of universal male suffrage.universal male suffrage  In 1848, a new constitution was ratified, making the Second Republic the new government of France.

11.  Germanic Confederation  38 loosely connected states  German and Prussian rulers promised a constitution, free press, jury trials, an all German parliament-The Frankfurt Assembly  Germany’s revolution failed due to Frankfurt Assembly had no real power to enforce new constitution  Austrian Empire  Multinational state consisted of Germans, Czechs, Hungarians, Slovaks, Romanians, Slovenes, Poles, Croats, Serbians, Italians caused many problems  Czech revolt in Bohemia was crushed, meaning the failure of the Austrian Empire revolution

12.  Italy was under the control of Austria  Young Italy, the Italian unity movement, initially succeeded  Within a year, Austria reestablished control  Revolts had failed

13.  Liberalism and nationalism transformed the world  Revolts in Western Europe initially failed but succeeded later  Revolts in Eastern Europe succeeded, but resulted in withdrawal of Britain and Russia from world affairs

14.  While Spain and Portugal were weak after Napoleon, the Latin American states arose  Miguel Hidalgo  Revolutionary hero  Gathered a large group of Indians and revolted against the Spanish  Forces were crushed  Other Indians overthrew the Spanish and Augustin de Iturbide was named the first emperor of Mexico.  In South America, Jose de San Martin and Simon Bolivar led successful revolutions against the Spanish

15.  The new nations had no experience in self governing  Tried to become republics  Soon they became ruled by militaristic force  Since Latin America was a major source of raw goods, it soon became controlled by foreign powers  Military aristocracy took over much of the power  Caudillas

16.  The southern states under Ottoman control sought change, especially at the Empire began to decline  Serbia freed itself  Greece also broke away from the Turks  A year later, Russia declared war on Ottoman Empire  British and French fleets also helped  Treaty of Adrianople  Gave Russia protectorate over Moldavia and Wallachia  Allowed Russia, France and Britain to decide the fate of Greece  In 1830, Greece became an independent kingdom

17.  Russians and Turks fought because of Russian demands for the right to protect Christian shrines in Palestine  Turks, and later France and Britain, declared war on Russia  During the war, Russia was defeated  Results  Russia was ashamed of the defeat and withdrew from the world for 20 years  Austria had no allies  Helped Italy and Germany in becoming independent states.