1. Incorporating OR “Sandwiching”
a Quote

2. Building a Burger: Top Bun
Prepare reader to read/understand quote
Context, speaker ID, introduce main idea of quote

3. Readers need to move from your own words to the words of a source without feeling a jolt.
Avoid dropping quotations into the text without warning. Instead, provide clear signal phrases, usually the author’s name, to prepare readers for a quotation.
So, use signal words.

4. QUOTATION WITH SIGNAL PHRASE
DROPPED QUOTATION
In 2000, the legislature of Suffolk County passed a law restricting drivers’ use of handheld phones. “The bill prohibits the use of a cell phone while driving unless it is equipped with an earpiece or can act like a speakerphone, leaving the driver’s hands free” (Kelley 1).
QUOTATION WITH SIGNAL PHRASE
In 2000, the legislature of Suffolk County passed a law restricting drivers’ use of handheld phones. According to journalist Tina Kelley, “The bill prohibits the use of a cell phone while driving unless it is equipped with an earpiece or can act like a speakerphone, leaving the driver’s hands free” (1).

5. To avoid monotony, try to vary both the language and the placement of your signal phrases.
In the words of researchers ________ and _______, “…”
As Matt Sundeen has notes, “….”
Patti Pena, mother of a child killed by a driver distracted by a cell phone, points out that “….”
“….” writes ______, “…”
“…”, claims wireless industry spokesperson Annette Jacobs
______ offer a persuasive counterargument “…..”

6. Signal Words
When your signal phrases includes a verb, choose one that is appropriate in the context.
Is your source arguing a point, making an observation, reporting a fact, drawing a conclusion, refuting an argument, or stating a belief?
By choosing an appropriate verb, you can make your source’s stance clear.

7. Signal Words Acknowledges Endorses Adds Grants Admits Illustrates
Agrees
Argues
Asserts
Believes
Claims
Comments
Compares
Confirms
Contends
Declares
Denies
Disputes
Emphasizes
Endorses
Grants
Illustrates
Implies
Insists
Notes
Observes
Points out
Reasons
Refutes
Rejects
Reports
Responds
Suggests
Thinks
Writes

8. Building a Burger: Burger
Quote itself
Remember to put in quotation marks
Remember to include internal citation at end (remember to also include internal citations for paraphrases as well)
The period goes after the internal citation

9. Building a Burger: Bottom Bun
Explanation of significance: What should the reader get from this quote? Do the thinking for the reader.
Link the quote/evidence back to your thesis

10. Example: Top Bun
Huck Finn was taught in an eighth grade class in Brooklyn. One student argues that eighth graders can handle and understand why the book uses the N-word.

11. Example cont’d: Burger
“Do you think we’re so dumb…that we don’t know the difference between a racist book and an anti-racist book? Sure, the book is full of the word ‘N-----.’ That’s how those bigtos talked back then” (Hentoff).

12. Example cont’d: Bottom Bun
By teaching Huck Finn in a classroom setting, teachers can ensure that students understand why Twain used the N-word in his novel. Even eighth-graders are capable of understanding that it’s an anti-racist novel. This book would actually lead to a really interesting and valuable discussion about the power of words and how words are used differently in different situations. Because these are valuable discussions for students to have, Huck Finn should not be banned.

13. How many quotes per paragraph?
As you can tell, a lot of work goes into sandwiching a quote with your own words, so only use 1-2 quotes per paragraph.

14. Apply what you just learned
Take one of your quotes and sandwich it
Top bun: context, speaker ID, main idea
Burger: quote
Bottom bun: explain significance of why you used the quote, link back to thesis