1. 19 th Century Reform Movements

2. Kindred Spirits by Asher Durand Cole and Durand often included a broken stump in their paintings. What do you think it symbolizes?

3. Haystacks on the Newburyport Marshes by Martin Johnson Heade

4. How might Hudson River School painting have helped lead to the creation of national and city parks?

5. Transcendentalism Belief that humans could “ transcend ” their senses to learn Individuals should listen to nature and their own conscience to learn “ truths ”

6. Ralph Waldo Emerson Transcendentalist poet and author Supported abolition of slavery Supported individualism

7. Henry David Thoreau Transcendentalist author and philosopher Supported abolition of slavery Supported civil disobedience (the peaceful refusal to obey unjust laws)

8. 2 nd Great Awakening A Revival of religious feeling in the early 1800 ’ s Purpose was to improve American morals Preachers known as revivalists A preacher, known as the “ father of revivalism ” Evangelical: used strong emotions to reach people

9. Temperance Temperance: The attempt to limit alcohol consumption Temperance movement aimed to fix societies problems by limiting alcohol consumption Alcohol was believed to be the source of crime, violence, poverty, sickness, etc

10. Horace Mann Public school reformer Supported compulsory (required attendance by law) education Supported publicly funded education (free to all who attend)

11. Dorothea Dix A reformer who led the fight to establish mental hospitals for the mentally ill Called for a more humane treatment of the mentally ill and imprisoned Movement aimed to rehabilitate criminals, not just remove them from society