1. Aerospace Education - Aircraft Systems 1

2. 2 Aircraft Powerplants (Engines) 5

3. Aerospace Education - Aircraft Systems 3 Basic Concept Internal combustion engines derive power from changing chemical energy into mechanical energy A small amount of fuel is burned to produce a large volume of hot gas The gas pressure provides mechanical movement

4. Aerospace Education - Aircraft Systems 4 Internal Combustion Engines Horizontally Opposed Cylinders 2

5. Aerospace Education - Aircraft Systems 5 Reciprocating Engine Parts 3

6. Aerospace Education - Aircraft Systems 6 Wing mounted engines are usually covered with a streamlined enclosure called a nacelle

7. Aerospace Education - Aircraft Systems 7 Four Cycle Engine 4

8. Aerospace Education - Aircraft Systems 8 Chemistry of Power Chemical power derived from heat Requirement for “combustion” –Fuel –Oxygen (O 2 ) –Ignition source A mixture occurs when two chemicals come together, yet are not chemically combined Combustion (oxidation) releases heat 5

9. Aerospace Education - Aircraft Systems 9 Aircraft Systems Fuel Electrical –Spark Plug/Magneto –Avionics Flight Instruments –Pitot Static –Gyro

10. Aerospace Education - Aircraft Systems 10 6

11. Aerospace Education - Aircraft Systems 11 Updraft Carburetion 6 P r o p e l l e r

12. Aerospace Education - Aircraft Systems 12 Parts of a Carburetor 7 Venturi —a restriction that causes incoming air to accelerate and pressure to drop Pressure drop also causes a temperature drop and water in the air can form ice—carburetor heat eliminates carburetor icing.

13. Aerospace Education - Aircraft Systems 13 8 Use of Mixture “Meters” amount of fuel in relation to air Must be adjusted to compensate for “altitude” Used to turn engine off Most CAP training planes only have two engine controls Throttle and Mixture

14. Aerospace Education - Aircraft Systems 14 Ignition System - Magnetos 8 Magneto —Uses a portion of the engine’s energy to generate the spark to ignite the air-fuel mixture

15. Aerospace Education - Aircraft Systems 15 Electrical System Alternator, battery, master switch Ammeter vs voltmeter – water analogy Buss bar Lights Radios Buss bar + -

16. Aerospace Education - Aircraft Systems 16 Propellers Constant change of incidence, camber, thickness Difference in relative speed depends on distance from hub Pitch — number of inches through a solid medium RPM limits power output Type –fixed pitch (tach) –Constant speed (tach + MP)

17. Aerospace Education - Aircraft Systems 17 Engine Instruments 11 Aircraft engine speed (RPM) is monitored by the tachometer

18. Aerospace Education - Aircraft Systems 18 Flight Instruments

19. Aerospace Education - Aircraft Systems 19 Pitot Static System 12 13

20. Aerospace Education - Aircraft Systems 20 Different Airspeed Measurements Indicated AS (IAS) –read off the AS Indicator True AS (TAS) –IAS corrected for altitude/temp Ground Speed –Result of winds aloft on TAS Calibrated –IAS corrected for instrument error 14

21. Aerospace Education - Aircraft Systems 21 Gyro Attitude Indicator Rigidity in space Bank and Pitch Information 14

22. Aerospace Education - Aircraft Systems 22 Gyro Directional Indicator Heading Information Periodically set based on Magnetic Compass 15

23. Aerospace Education - Aircraft Systems 23 Gyro Turn Coordinator Rate of change instrument 15 Gyro senses movement of nose across horizon Inclinometer curved liquid filled glass senses Gravity Vector with vertical axis (slip skid) Senses Roll Rate

24. Aerospace Education - Aircraft Systems 24

25. Aerospace Education - Aircraft Systems 25 Gas Turbine

26. Aerospace Education - Aircraft Systems 26 Gas Turbine Engines - Turbojets 11

27. Aerospace Education - Aircraft Systems 27 Gas Turbine Pressurized gas spins the turbine. –Engine produces its own pressurized air (oxygen) Burns kerosene or jet fuel Heat from burning fuel expands air, –Action/reaction in combustion chamber –High-speed rush of this hot air spins the turbine (series of small propellers)– mechanical motion.

28. Aerospace Education - Aircraft Systems 28

29. Aerospace Education - Aircraft Systems 29 Segements Turbine

30. Aerospace Education - Aircraft Systems 30

31. Aerospace Education - Aircraft Systems 31

32. Aerospace Education - Aircraft Systems 32

33. Aerospace Education - Aircraft Systems 33

34. Aerospace Education - Aircraft Systems 34 Types of “Jet Engines” Turbojet Turbofan (FanJet or Bypass) Turboprop

35. Aerospace Education - Aircraft Systems 35 Turboprop

36. Aerospace Education - Aircraft Systems 36 Rocket Engines

37. Aerospace Education - Aircraft Systems 37 Major Systems of a Rocket 46 Fuel Tank Oxygen Tank Turbo-pump Rocket Engine Payload Guidance System Have their own Oxygen Don’t require atmosphere

38. Aerospace Education - Aircraft Systems 38 Rocket Motor Components

39. Aerospace Education - Aircraft Systems 39 End