1. The structure of the industry
Travel and Tourism
The structure of the industry

2. The structure of the industry is complex for the following reasons: It consists of a wide range of interrelated commercial and non- commercial organisations. Most of these organizations are in the private sector and are small and medium sized.

3. Commercial organisations
These include private sector organisations such as:
Mystic Mountain
Outameni
Sandals group of hotels
Iberostars

4. Values and attitudes of commercial organisations
A good way to determine their values and attitudes would be to look in detail at the organisations previously listed as examples and then:
define their objectives
define their source of funding and methods of income

5. 3) define how they meet stakeholder or shareholder expectations.

6. Non-commercial organisations
These include public and voluntary sectors such as:
The Tourism Product Development Company (TPDCO)
Jamaica Environmental Trust
The Jamaica Tourist Board (JTB)

7. Values and attitudes of non-commercial organisations
It is possible to determine the values and attitudes of these organizations by observing: 1) their objectives 2) their source of funding and methods of income 3) their stakeholder or shareholder expectations

8. Agencies delivering travel and tourism products and services
For this section of the syllabus the countries to be investigated are: Jamaica Panama Paris The agencies are as follow: 1) tourist attractions- built; natural

9. tourist attractions- events as attractions and the facilities which these take place in 2) accommodation and catering- to include accommodation grading scheme 3) tourism development promotion- locally, regionally, and internationally 4) transportation by air; by land; by water

10. 5) travel agencies 6) Tour operators and the components of a package holiday Note that all of these individual component depend on each other, and that no single component exists on its own.

11. The structure of the travel and tourism industry
The management and development of tourist destinations

12. Destinations are places where there is tourism
Destinations are places where there is tourism. Social, cultural, environmental and political conditions influence tourist destinations. The people who are responsible for destination management must try and ensure that tourism integrate with other social and economic activities of the particular area so that it can sustain future development.

13. Objectives of tourism development
Tourism occurs in the more economically-developed countries (MEDCs) and less economically- developed countries (LEDCs). “Many developing countries of the world are engaged in tourism as a means of earning foreign exchange and to redress balance of payment ills” . Mathews, (1997) : Nettekoven (1976) , cited in Daye (p.24,1997)

14. Objectives oF tourism development
Organisations may get involved in tourism development for the following reasons:
Economic- examples include:
employment creation both direct and indirect
increasing foreign currency earnings to contribute to the balance of payment and GDP

15. brining in tourists who spend locally and contribute to the multiplier effect
increasing income for the commercial operators
economic development and regeneration to develop the infrastructure and improve the local area and conditions for people.

16. Objectives of tourism development
Environmental examples include:
habitat preservation for wild life in an area
regeneration and conservation of the built and natural environment
environmental education of the local people and or tourists visiting the area
stimulating environmental improvements of benefit to local people and wildlife as well as tourists

17. Objectives of tourism development
Socio-cultural- examples include:
promoting understanding
improving quality of life for the local population
providing community facilities, as well as facilities for tourists

18. revival of traditional activities, festivals and ceremonies to celebrate culture and develop a sense of pride in one’s own identity

19. Objectives of tourism
Political –examples include:
enhancing the image of an area is particular important to LEDCs or for countries that may be perceived in a negative way due to war or natural disasters
creating a regional or national identity to boost domestic morale and encourage visitor numbers

20. The structure of travel and tourism
Impacts of tourism development

21. Types of impact
Economic- positive effects:
increased incomes
increase foreign exchange
Increase employment
improved infrastructure
multiplier effect

22. Types of impact
Economic- negative effects:
decline of traditional employment opportunities
seasonality of employment
increased living costs
increased taxes

23. Types of impact
Socio-cultural – positive effects:
preservation of customs and crafts
provision of community facilities and public services
aiding of international understanding
encouraging travel, mobility and social integration

24. Types of impact
Socio-cultural –negative effects:
conflicts with the host community
crime
loss of cultural identity
the demonstration effect

25. Types of impact
Socio-cultural – negative effects:
changes to family structure
social problems such as begging and prostitution

26. Types of impact
Environmental – positive effects:
improved assets
landscaping
conservation
regeneration
building regulations

27. Types of impact
Environmental – negative effects:
traffic congestion
erosion of natural resources
pollution of air and water
litter
increase in noise levels

28. Types of impact
Environmental –negative effects:
panoramic view damage
destruction of different wild life systems and breeding patterns

29. Objectives of tourism development
Principles of destination management

30. The principles of successful tourism management include:
maximising the retention of visitor spending at the destination
investing tourism income in public and social projects for local communities

31. 3) widening access to facilities and assets 4) staff training and development 5) training and employment of local people in tourism and related activities 6) tourism education

32. Objectives of destination management
The role of destination management in minimising negative impacts

33. Note that current issues and consumer trends such as those mentioned above can impact on tourism development.
Destination management can minimise tourism’s negative impacts through:
planning and control

34. using the principle of sustainable development
visitor and traffic management
assessing environmental impact

35. Changes in the evolution of tourism development
The Butler model

36. According to Butler (1980), all destinations follow a cycle of evolution and pass through stages similar to youth, maturity and old age. The consequence of which a particular destination will decline unless it can re-invent itself through a process called “rejuvenation”.

37. This cycle of evolution compared to the product life cycle (theory) by Butler reflects the following stages:
exploration
involvement
development
consolidation

38. stagnation
decline or rejuvenation

39. Changes in the evolution of destinations
Characteristics of destinations that influence their evolution

40. These factors include - key features of the destination: 1) weather and climate 2) scenery and landscape 3) vegetation and wild life 4) historical and cultural attractions 5) modern built attractions

41. 6) indoor/outdoor activities 7) accommodation options 8) events and festivals 9) food /drink and entertainment 10) accessibility and gateways

42. Characteristics of destinations that influence their evolution
Tourist appeal by visitor type:
young people
singles
families
DINKY
grey market

43. 6) special needs 7) business tourists

44. Characteristics of destinations that influence their evolution
Visitor statistics:
recent trend
projection for future
stage in evolution using life cycle model

45. Characteristics of destinations that influence their evolution
Factors influencing popularity:
cost of accommodation
cost of transport
costs at destination
tour operator promotional activity
over commercialization

46. 6) crime and social problems 7) political instability and unrest 8) terrorism 9) positive / negative media coverage 10) positive / negative tourism management 11) growth in independent travel 12) growth in short breaks

47. 13) exclusivity 14) increased accessibility 15) water / air/ noise hazard 16) natural disasters