1. II. Introduction to Plants A. Evolutionary History 1. Green Algal “roots” – Ulva (sea lettuce)

2. II. Introduction to Plants A. Evolutionary History 1. Green Algal “roots” – Ulva (sea lettuce)

3. II. Introduction to Plants A. Evolutionary History 1. Green Algal “roots” – Ulva (sea lettuce) 2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Diff’s Aquatic HabitatsTerrestrial Water availableDesiccating

4. II. Introduction to Plants A. Evolutionary History 1. Green Algal “roots” – Ulva (sea lettuce) 2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Diff’s Aquatic HabitatsTerrestrial Water availableDesiccating Sunlight absorbedSunlight available

5. II. Introduction to Plants A. Evolutionary History 1. Green Algal “roots” – Ulva (sea lettuce) 2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Diff’s Aquatic HabitatsTerrestrial Water availableDesiccating Sunlight absorbedSunlight available Nutrients at DepthNutrients available

6. II. Introduction to Plants A. Evolutionary History 1. Green Algal “roots” – Ulva (sea lettuce) 2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Diff’s Aquatic HabitatsTerrestrial Water availableDesiccating Sunlight absorbedSunlight available Nutrients at DepthNutrients available BuoyantLess Supportive

7. II. Introduction to Plants A. Evolutionary History 1. Green Algal “roots” – Ulva (sea lettuce) 2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Diff’s Aquatic HabitatsTerrestrial Water availableDesiccating Sunlight absorbedSunlight available Nutrients at DepthNutrients available BuoyantLess Supportive Low oxygen, higher CO 2 reverse

8. II. Introduction to Plants A. Evolutionary History 1. Green Algal “roots” – Ulva (sea lettuce) 2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Diff’s B. Adaptations to Life on Land 1. Waxy Cuticle (reduce water loss)

9. II. Introduction to Plants A. Evolutionary History 1. Green Algal “roots” – Ulva (sea lettuce) 2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Diff’s B. Adaptations to Life on Land 1. Waxy Cuticle (reduce water loss) 2. Gametes protected

10. II. Introduction to Plants A. Evolutionary History 1. Green Algal “roots” – Ulva (sea lettuce) 2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Diff’s B. Adaptations to Life on Land 1. Waxy Cuticle (reduce water loss) 2. Gametes protected 3. Embryo protected

11. II. Introduction to Plants A. Evolutionary History 1. Green Algal “roots” – Ulva (sea lettuce) 2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Diff’s B. Adaptations to Life on Land 1. Waxy Cuticle (reduce water loss) 2. Gametes protected 3. Embryo protectedVULNERABLE 4. Spore wall thick

12. II. Introduction to Plants A. Evolutionary History B. Adaptations to Life on Land C. Plant Evolution – Acquisition of Terrestriality

13. III. Plant Diversity A. Non-tracheophytes (no true vascular tissue) 1. Characteristics a. short (no vascular tissues)

14. III. Plant Diversity A. Non-tracheophytes (no true vascular tissue) 1. Characteristics a. short (no vascular tissues) b. limited to moist habitats (swimming sperm)

15. III. Plant Diversity A. Non-tracheophytes (no true vascular tissue) 2. Diversity a. Liverworts – most primitive plants - lie flat on ground - antheridia and archegonia on surface

16. III. Plant Diversity A. Non-tracheophytes (no true vascular tissue) 2. Diversity a. Liverworts – most primitive plants b. Mosses

18. III. Plant Diversity A. Non-tracheophytes (no true vascular tissue) 2. Diversity a. Liverworts – most primitive plants b. Mosses - have stomata – regulate water loss - grow from tip (apical) - antheridia and archegonia at stalk tips

19. Archegonium Antheridium

20. III. Plant Diversity A. Non-tracheophytes (no true vascular tissue) 2. Diversity a. Liverworts – most primitive plants b. Mosses - have stomata – regulate water loss - grow from tip (apical) - antheridia and archegonia at stalk tips - swimming sperm

21. III. Plant Diversity A. Non-tracheophytes (no true vascular tissue) 2. Diversity a. Liverworts – most primitive plants b. Mosses - have stomata – regulate water loss - grow from tip (apical) - antheridia and archegonia at stalk tips - swimming sperm - hydroid cells – die back to leave cavities for water transport.

23. III. Plant Diversity B. Tracheophyte Origins 1. The Rhyniophyta -vascular system of phloem and xylem

24. III. Plant Diversity B. Tracheophyte Origins 1. The Rhyniophyta Silurian – 440 mya -vascular system of phloem and xylem -“tracheids” in sporophytes --water and nutrient distribution

25. GymnospermsAngiosperms

26. III. Plant Diversity B. Tracheophyte Origins 1. The Rhyniophyta -vascular system of phloem and xylem -“tracheids” in sporophytes --water and nutrient distribution -- lignin and support

27. III. Plant Diversity B. Tracheophyte Origins 4. Life History: simple (primitive) - Homospory

28. III. Plant Diversity C. Non-seed Tracheophytes 1. Lycophytes (Club Mosses)

29. III. Plant Diversity C. Non-seed Tracheophytes 1. Lycophytes - (Club Mosses) - ancient; dominated first “forests” 300-350 mya

30. III. Plant Diversity C. Non-seed Tracheophytes 1. Lycophytes - (Club Mosses) - ancient; dominated first “forests” 300-350 mya - simple leaves

31. III. Plant Diversity C. Non-seed Tracheophytes 1. Lycophytes - (Club Mosses) - ancient; dominated first “forests” 300-350 mya - simple leaves - Dominant Sporophyte (with stobili)

32. III. Plant Diversity C. Non-seed Tracheophytes 1. Ferns “and their allies”

33. III. Plant Diversity C. Non-seed Tracheophytes 1. Ferns “and their allies” - true complex leaves

34. III. Plant Diversity C. Non-seed Tracheophytes 1. Ferns “and their allies” - true complex leaves - true roots

35. III. Plant Diversity C. Non-seed Tracheophytes 2. Ferns “and their allies” - true complex leaves - true roots - also ancient; appearing 350 mya - dominat sporophyte; reduced gametophyte

36. Fern Life Cycle:

37. III. Plant Diversity D. Seed Tracheophytes - heterospory

38. III. Plant Diversity D. Seed Tracheophytes - heterospory - seeds: lipid-rich endosperm packaged with the zygote

39. III. Plant Diversity D. Seed Tracheophytes 1. General Characteristics - heterospory - seeds: lipid-rich endosperm packaged with the zygote -diversity:

40. III. Plant Diversity D. Seed Tracheophytes 2. Gymnosperms – “naked seed” a. Evolutionary History - dominated during Permian (280 mya) and through Mesozoic, and still dominate in dry env. Today (high latitudes, sandy soils)

41. III. Plant Diversity D. Seed Tracheophytes 2. Gymnosperms – “naked seed” a. Evolutionary History - dominated during Permian (280 mya) and through Mesozoic, and still dominate in dry env. Today (high latitudes, sandy soils) b. Diversity - cycads - ginko - Gnetales - conifers

42. III. Plant Diversity D. Seed Tracheophytes

43. c.Gymnosperm Life Cycle

44. III. Plant Diversity D. Seed Tracheophytes 3. Angiosperms – “flowering plants” - double fertilization - triploid endosperm

46. III. Plant Diversity D. Seed Tracheophytes 3. Angiosperms - double fertilization - triploid endosperm - fruits - flowers Both serve to bribe animals to disperse either Pollen or seeds NON-RANDOMLY. More likely to end up in a similar habitat.

47. III. Plant Diversity D. Seed Tracheophytes 3. Angiosperms - Angiosperm History

49. III. Plant Diversity D. Seed Tracheophytes 3. Angiosperms - Angiosperm History - Diversity DicotsMonocots ancestralderived two cotyledonsone cotyledon 4-5 parted flower3 parted flower veins networkedveins parallel the restgrasses, palms

50. III. Plant Diversity D. Seed Tracheophytes 3. Angiosperms - Angiosperm History - Diversity - evolutionary trends: primitivederived insect pollinatedwind pollinated terrestrialaquatic “woody”herbaceous