1. TCP Transmission Control Protocol Part 2 CH 23 Aseel Alturki

2. Flow Control Based on Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition. by Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007 Aseel Alturki2  TCP: I’m polite, I don’t overwhelm the other side with my msg’s.

3. Flow Control Based on Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition. by Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007 Aseel Alturki3  TCP uses a sliding window to handle flow control.  The sliding window of TCP is byte-oriented.

4. Flow Control (Cont..)  This figure shows the sliding window in TCP.  The window is opened, closed, or shrunk. Based on Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition. by Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007 Aseel Alturki4

5. Flow Control (Cont..) Aseel Alturki Based on Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition. by Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007 5 A sliding window is used to make transmission more efficient as well as to control the flow of data so that the destination does not become overwhelmed with data. TCP sliding windows are byte-oriented.

6. Flow Control (Cont..)  The size of the window will be determined by whom?? By the lesser of two values: Receiver window (rwnd) OR Congestion window (cwnd) Aseel Alturki Based on Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition. by Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007 6

7. Flow Control (Cont..) Aseel Alturki Based on Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition. by Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007 7 What is the value of the receiver window (rwnd) for host A if the receiver, host B, has a buffer size of 5000 bytes and 1000 bytes of received and unprocessed data? Solution The value of rwnd = 5000 − 1000 = 4000. Host B can receive only 4000 bytes of data before overflowing its buffer. Host B advertises this value in its next segment to A.

8. Flow Control (Cont..) Aseel Alturki Based on Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition. by Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007 8 What is the size of the window for host A if the value of rwnd is 3000 bytes and the value of cwnd is 3500 bytes? Solution The size of the window is the smaller of rwnd and cwnd, which is 3000 bytes.

9. Flow Control (Cont..) Aseel Alturki Based on Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition. by Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007 9 Figure 23.23 shows an unrealistic example of a sliding window. The sender has sent bytes up to 202. We assume that cwnd is 20 (in reality this value is thousands of bytes). The receiver has sent an acknowledgment number of 200 with an rwnd of 9 bytes (in reality this value is thousands of bytes). The size of the sender window is the minimum of rwnd and cwnd, or 9 bytes. Bytes 200 to 202 are sent, but not acknowledged. Bytes 203 to 208 can be sent without worrying about acknowledgment. Bytes 209 and above cannot be sent.

10. Flow Control (Cont..) Aseel Alturki Based on Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition. by Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007 10

11. Flow Control (Cont..) Aseel Alturki Based on Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition. by Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007 11 Some points about TCP sliding windows: ❏ The size of the window is the lesser of rwnd and cwnd. ❏ The source does not have to send a full window’s worth of data. ❏ The window can be opened or closed by the receiver, but should not be shrunk. ❏ The destination can send an acknowledgment at any time as long as it does not result in a shrinking window. ❏ The receiver can temporarily shut down the window; the sender, however, can always send a segment of 1 byte after the window is shut down.

12. Error Control Aseel Alturki Based on Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition. by Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007 12 TCP: I will deliver the entire stream to the application program IN Order, WithOUT Errors, and WithOUT any part LOST or Duplicated.

13. Error Control (Cont..)  Error detection and correction in TCP is achieved through the use of three simple tools: Checksum Acknowledgment Time-out Aseel Alturki Based on Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition. by Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007 13

14. Error Control (Cont..) Aseel Alturki Based on Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition. by Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007 14 ACK segments do not consume sequence numbers and are not acknowledged.

15. Error Control-Retransmission  The heart of the error control mechanism is the retransmission of segments. Aseel Alturki Based on Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition. by Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007 15 In modern implementations, a retransmission occurs if the retransmission timer expires or three duplicate ACK segments have arrived.

16. Error Control-Retransmission (Cont..) Retransmission After RTO: TCP maintains one retransmission time-out (RTO) timer for all outstanding (sent, but not acknowledged) segments. When the timer matures, the earliest outstanding segment is retransmitted. The value of RTO is updated based on the round-trip time (RTT) of segments. Retransmission After Three Duplicate Acknowledgment Segments: Fast retransmission- we will see later. Aseel Alturki Based on Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition. by Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007 16

17. Error Control-Retransmission (Cont..) Aseel Alturki Based on Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition. by Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007 17 No retransmission timer is set for an ACK segment.

18. Error Control-Out of Order Segments Aseel Alturki Based on Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition. by Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007 18 Data may arrive out of order and be temporarily stored by the receiving TCP, but TCP guarantees that no out-of-order segment is delivered to the process.

19. Error Control- Some Scenarios Aseel Alturki Based on Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition. by Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007 19  Figure 23.24 Normal operation

20. Error Control- Some Scenarios Aseel Alturki Based on Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition. by Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007 20  Figure 23.25 Lost segment

21. Error Control- Some Scenarios Aseel Alturki Based on Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition. by Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007 21 The receiver TCP delivers only ordered data to the process.

22. Error Control- Some Scenarios Aseel Alturki Based on Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition. by Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007 22  Figure 23.26 Fast retransmission Fast Retransmission (Retransmission after three duplicate ACK segments): This scenario is the same as the second except that the RTO has a higher value.