1. What caused the revolutions of 1848?

2. What caused the revolutions of 1848? Lesson Aim: To examine the political, social, economic and trigger causes of the 1848 revolutions. TASK: Mini whiteboards 1.What was Germany like before 1815? 2.What was the Confederation created at the 1815 Vienna Congress? 3.What two main powers were there? What areas did they control? 4.Why was unity unlikely in 1815? 5.What were the forces for change up to 1848?

3. 1.THE GERMAN CONFEDERATION 1815-1848. ii. What were the forces for Change between 1815 and 1848? The Zollverein: It grew out of the Prussian Customs Union (1818) which got rid of customs barriers within Prussia. In 1830 Hesse-Cassel left the rival Middle Union and joined the PCU. The Middle Union collapsed and 18 states joined the PCU to form the Zollverein in 1834. By 1848 only Austria, Hanover, Oldenburg, Mecklenburg and the Hanseatic towns were NOT in the Zollverein. The Growth of German Nationalism: Students and educated Middle Classes demonstrated in Wartburg (1817) and Hambach (1832) The Growth of Liberalism: Students and the educated Middle Classes campaigned for a Constitution and liberal measures e.g. in Baden in the 1840s.

4. This gave rise to nationalism and liberalism….. Read p11-17 and p20-22 Complete the spider diagrams below: Nationalism Liberalism 1. Defeat of Napoleon - societies 2. Austria against Nationalism 3.Nationalist beliefs 4. Emotional appeal of nationalism 5. Railways 1. Liberal study groups 2. Metternich’s repressive policies 3. The 1830s 4. The 1840s

7. What happened during the 1848 revolutions?

8. What caused the revolutions of 1848? Lesson Aim: To investigate the course of the 1848 revolutions. TASK: Look through the causes of revolution for a game of bingo!

9. 2. REVOLUTIONS IN GERMANY IN 1848-9. WHY DID REVOLUTIONS BREAK OUT? Long Term: Rising Middle Class wanting political representation; increase in population which led to food shortages and industrialisation which led to a growth of poor living and working conditions in the expanding towns. Short Term: Harvest failures in 1846 and 1847; Trade recession in Europe in 1847 and other revolutions in Europe e.g. Paris, Hungary and Vienna. WHAT WERE THE MAIN DEVELOPMENTS IN THE REVOLUTIONS? THE FRANKFURT PARLIAMENT: Set up by the ‘Vorparlement’ the Frankfurt Parliament was a liberal dominated assembly of 596 men from all states given the task of drawing up a Constitution for a United Germany. However, it FAILED because: it became a ‘talking shop’ without real action; there were too many different representatives who called for different things e.g. ‘Kleindeutschland’ (a small Germany without Austria) or ‘Grossdeutschland’ (a larger Germany to include Austria); it had no real power (no army or civil service) and it lacked the support of the masses.

10. 2. REVOLUTIONS IN GERMANY IN 1848-9. THE REVOLUTION IN PRUSSIA: Demonstrations and riots in Berlin 13 th -19 th March 1848 led to Frederick William IV to accept the election of an Assembly to draw up a new Liberal Constitution and new Liberal Ministers (21 st March). (After he appeared on the balcony 18 th March and ordered removal of crowds which led to c.300 deaths) The Assembly spent March-December trying but failing to agree. In August in opposition the Junkers set up ‘The League for the Protection of Landed Property’ (‘The Junker Parliament’) which aimed to abolish the Prussian Assembly and new Ministers. After concluding the War with the Danes FW IV regained control and gained the support of the Middle Classes (as they disliked the worker riots). He dismissed the new Liberal Ministers and in December 1848 dissolved the Assembly by Royal Decree. However, he granted his own Constitution in December 1848 which had: an upper and lower house (Lower house voted for by universal manhood suffrage); granted liberal measures e.g. Free Press and legal system. However, he could alter it at any time e.g. in an emergency he could suspend civil rights and collect taxes; he also appointed his own Ministers and controlled the army. Nevertheless Liberals and Nationalists preferred it to the Frankfurt Parliament.

11. 2. REVOLUTIONS IN GERMANY IN 1848-9. WHAT WAS THE IMPACT OF THE REVOLUTION ON WHO CONTROLLED THE CONFEDERATION? The Erfurt Union: Following the failure of the Frankfurt Parliament the Prussian Army General von Radowitz proposed the setting up of the Erfurt Union, a ‘kleindeustchland’ led by Prussia with ‘special links’ to Austria. Set up in May 1850, 28 states joined. Austrian Chief Minister Schwarzenberg saw the Erfurt Union as an attempt by Prussia to take over the control of Germany. He summoned a meeting of the old Confederation Diet and proposed a ‘Grossdeutschland’ under the leadership of Austria. A Revolution in Hesse-Cassel broke out and they turned to the Diet for help in sorting out their problems. However, it was a member of the Erfurt Union. Austria and Prussia therefore conflicted who should help and it led to small scale fighting between the two in October 1850. The Olmutz Declaration: anxious to avoid war the Prussian Minister President Manteuffel agreed to abandon the Erfurt Union at Olmutz on the 29 th November 1850. However, Prussia confirmed its economic control after Austria attempted to set up a rival Customs Union to the Zollverein called the Zollunion. Its failure meant: PRUSSIA KEPT ECONOMIC CONTROL V AUSTRIA KEPT POLITICAL CONTROL.

12.  p31 E – Situation early in 1848.  The start of the revolution.  The Vorparlament.  The Frankfurt Parliament.  Revolution in Prussia. Model something to help you remember this!