1. Grammar in a Nutshell Unit 6

2. There are 80-100 prepositions in the English language. They are words that introduce where something takes place (such as ‘at’ the store), when or why something takes place (such as ‘before’ dinner) or general descriptive information (such as the girl ‘with’ the cool tattoo). Very often the prepositions come in a phrase: prepositional phrase. They begin with a preposition and end in a noun. Examples: ‘under’ the desk ‘during’ the lecture ‘across’ the yard ‘after’ lunch ‘behind’ the tree Prepositions Voorzetsels

5. Prepositions 1.She learned Russian ____________ the age of 45. 2.The book was written ____________ Mark Twain. 3.I’ll show you the picture ____________ the palace. 4.We can only get to the camp ____________ foot. 5.He reminds me ____________ his old history teacher. 6.I always go to school ____________ car. 7.The two friends went ____________ the movies by themselves. 8.During the summer I stayed ____________ my grandparents. 9.I’ll wait for you ____________ the bus stop. 10.Jack came rushing ____________ the stairs. at by of on of by to with at down Check your handbook for a list of prepositions (with the Dutch translations as well!).

6. Adverbs & Adjectives bijwoorden & bijvoeglijk naamwoorden An adverb is a word that describes an action verb. It can describe how and/or when an action happened. Examples: Jason read the book quickly. They played a game yesterday. We will go to the concert soon. Paul neatly wrote a shopping list. Emma left early. Very often, but certainly not always, adverbs end with –ly… https://youtu.be/g_E01067YCI

7. Adverbs Basically, most adverbs tell you how, in what way, when, where, and to what extent something is done. In other words, they describe the manner, place, or time of an action. For example: He speaks quietly.(quietly is an adverb of manner.) I live here. (here is an adverb of place.) We'll leave tomorrow.(tomorrow is an adverb of time.) She never sleeps late.(never is an adverb of frequency.)

8. 1.Regular adverbs: adverbs in English often end in -ly. These adverbs are formed by adding -ly to the end of an adjective: AdjectiveAdverb slowslowly beautifulbeautifully carefulcarefully violentviolently Spelling rules: true → truly (the silent e is dropped and add ly) happy → happily ( y becomes i and add ly.) possible → possibly (e after a consonant is dropped and ly is added.) full → fully (after ll and add y is added.) fanatic → fanatically (after adjectives ending in -ic add -ally – there is an exception: public-publicly) What the heck are adjectives? They are describing words (too). They describe nouns and pronouns. The grey elephant. An old man.

9. 2. Exceptions: However, this is not the only way to form an adverb. There are still many adverbs that do not end in -ly… This is a list of adverbs that don't follow the rule: AdjectiveAdverbfasthardlateearlydaily Some adjectives change their form when they become adverbs: AdjectiveAdverb goodwell

10. 3. Things to remember: Many words are not adverbs even though they end in -ly. Here are examples of adjectives that end in -ly. Examples: a kindly teacher a lonely girl a friendly policeman an elderly person So how do you know if it’s an adverb? Find out if the word tells you how, where and when something happened. How does James speak Spanish?  He speaks Spanish fluently. Where do the kids play soccer?  They play soccer here. When did she write the email to  She wrote the email immediately. her husband? https://youtu.be/g_E01067YCI

11. Find the adjective in sentences 1-6 and then fill the gap with the adverb. Example Joanne is happy.  She smiles happily. 1.The boy is loud.  He shouts ………………………. 2.Her English is fluent.  She speaks English ………………………. 3.Our mum was angry.  She spoke to us ………………………. 4.The painter is awful.  He paints ………………………. 5.She is a good dancer.  She dances really ………………………. 6.This exercise is simple.  You ……………………… have to put one word in each space. awfully angrily fluently loudly simply well 7. I ………………… go to bed at 10 o’clock. (normaal gesproken) 8. I have ………………… been to the USA. (nooit) 9. The class is ………………… difficult. Many students don’t pass it. 10. Even after one year of lessons, Luke plays the piano …………………. usually never very badly Check handout!

12. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJP1a8sYPRg Past Simple (aka) We use the Simple Past tense when discussing finished time (yesterday, last year, in 1999 etc).

14. 1.Last year I (go) to England on holiday. 2.It (be) fantastic. 3.I (visit) lots of interesting places. 4.I (be) with two friends of mine. 5.In the mornings we (walk) in the streets of London. 6.In the evenings we (go) to pubs. 7.The weather (be) strangely fine. 8.It (not / rain) a lot. 9.But we (see) some beautiful rainbows. 10.Where (spend / you) your last holiday? 1.Last year I went to England on holiday. 2.It was fantastic. 3.I visited lots of interesting places. 4.I was with two friends of mine. 5.In the mornings we walked in the streets of London. 6.In the evenings we went to pubs. 7.The weather was strangely fine. 8.It didn’t rain a lot. 9.But we saw some beautiful rainbows. 10.Where did you spent your last holiday? 1. Our teacher..... (talk) about Robin Hood last week. 2. Robin Hood...... (live) in Sherwood Forrest long ago. 3...... he..... (marry) Lady Marianne in the end? talked lived Did he marry

15. was spoke became wrote studied

16. You use the past perfect to say that something happened before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past. https://youtu.be/VTtiLVjYdnE voltooid verleden tijd

17. PositiveNegativeQuestion I had finishedI had not finishedHad I finished? You had finishedYou had not finishedHad you finished? He had finishedHe had not finishedHad he finished? She had finishedShe had not finishedHad she finished? It had finishedIt had not finishedHad it finished? We had finishedWe had not finishedHad we finished? You had finishedYou had not finishedHad you finished? They had finishedThey had not finishedHad they finished? Had not = hadn’t Hoe maak je je Past Perfect? HAD + werkwoord met –ed óf HAD + werkwoord uit 3 e rijtje

18. Examples You had studied English before you moved to New York. Had you studied English before you moved to New York? You had not studied English before you moved to New York. Uitleg: Je had (nog geen) Engels gestudeerd – voordat je naar New York verhuisde. Je kunt uit deze zin opmaken dat je inmiddels in New York woont en voordat je daar woonde had je nog geen Engels geleerd (maar nu waarschijnlijk wel). Zoals je ziet gebruik je in deze zinnen zowel de past simple (moved) en de past perfect (had studied). De past perfect wordt dus eigenlijk altijd in combinatie met de past simple gebruikt. Aan jullie om uit te vinden wanneer je welke moet gebruiken…

19. Je bent net gaan zitten om te lunchen (voltooid verleden tijd), toen de telefoon ging (verleden tijd). Toen je op het station aankwam (verleden tijd), was de trein al vertrokken (voltooid verleden tijd). Je was net klaar met lezen (voltooid verleden tijd) toen de lerares de bibliotheek binnen liep (verleden tijd). Mind: what comes first? Whatever happens first, is the past perfect (voltooid verleden tijd), what comes next is the past simple (verleden tijd)!

20. Exercise Past simple / Past Perfect 1. They........ (look) happy, because they........ (decide) to get married. A.had looked / decided B.looked / had decided 2. When I........ (finish) the meal, I........ (begin) to feel sick. A.finished / had begun B.had finished / began 3. She..... (sound) excited, because she....... (join) a badminton club. A.sounded / had joined B.had sounded / joined 4. They.......... (sleep) very badly, so they....... (be) late. A.slept / had been B.had slept / were

21. 5. When her boss......... (give) her a new computer, she....... (just / buy) one. A.gave / had just bought B.had given / just bought 6. They......... (join) the National Trust right after they....... (read) the leaflet. A.joined / had read B.had joined / read 7. We.......... (just / have) dinner when there....... (be) a power cut. A. just had / had been B. had just had / was 8. After he....... (rob) the bank, he........ (get) into a panic and ran away. A. robbed / had got B. had robbed / got 9. The teacher........ (be) angry, because he........ (make) a mistake. A.had been / made B.was / had made 10. Alex......... (forget) to pay the bill, so he........ (be) worried. A.had forgotten / was B.forgot / had been

22. Grammar in a Nutshell Unit 6