1. The Greeks Socrates Plato (Neo-Platonism) Aristotle (Aristolian Logic)
Asking questions…why?
Plato (Neo-Platonism)
Questions types of government
Claims “pure” democracy is bad
Aristotle (Aristolian Logic)
Well rounded, studies many things including government, language, astronomy

2. LOGIC
AND
REASON

3. Alexander the Great Daddy conquers Greek City States
Athens, Sparta, etc.
Alex tries to make daddy proud, but daddy shuns him because he has a high pitched girly voice
Alexander tries to take over the known world..almost does.
Spreads culture “Helenism”

4. Rome Romulus and Remus Very powerful empire Republic
Elected their representatives (Senate)
Falls in 476 C.E…..

5. DARK
AGES!

6. Dark / Middle Ages
Generally the period after the fall of Rome until the beginning of the Renaissance.
500 – 1300
St. Augustine
Church should be BOTH temporal and spiritual leader of the people
Church takes a strong place within all forms of government
City of God

7. Thomas Aquinas “Summa Theologica” Scholasticism
Synthesizes faith and logic/reason of Greece and Rome
Scholasticism
Educational philosophy that focuses on the classics yet integrates all information within ones faith
Learn through rote memorization of the classics

8. The Crusades

9. 1100 AD Turks controlled the Holy Land

10. Pope Urban II Asked by the Eastern Orthodox leaders to come help
1095 asked for help from the people of Europe

11. Pope’s Goals Take back the Holy Land Gain power as Christian leader
Reunite Orthodox and Catholic Church

12. Crusade Definition:
Series of military campaigns started originally by the Popes.
Hoped to gain back the Holy Land from the Muslims.

13. Knight’s Goals Religious zeal, die and go to heaven
50,000-60,000 Knights became crusaders
Religious zeal, die and go to heaven
Win glory in battle
Plunder available, get rich

14. First Crusade 1097 A.D Europeans from all areas
1099 – captured Jerusalem
Crusaders kill everyone in the city
Every Muslim, Jew, and Orthodox Christian is killed

15. What next? Soldiers go home, leave behind a small force
Muslim Turks counter attack and take back Holy Land
Pope calls for another crusade
And so on, and so on, and so on for over 200 years!!!!

16. Rise of the Merchants Crusaders need supplies
Northern Italian port cities became home to new merchant class
Loaned goods and services for a profit
Charged to transport armies
Gain control of key trade routes

17. Results of the Crusades?
Pope and church loses power
People begin to focus on the “now”
Merchants in Italy get rich
Rise in religious intolerance

18. The Black Plague 1347
People died of “bubos” puss filled pockets all over their body
Spread initially by rats (fleas)on ships, then person to person
Killed equally no matter rich or poor, holy or unholy (1in 3 die)
Again, people began to focus on the “now”
But hey, at least it helped the economy!
Jobs everywhere!!!!!

19. 100 Year War (1337-1453) King of France dies
King of England, Edward III says he’s got next!
France, amazingly, finds a law that says the title can only be passed through the male bloodline (Salic Law)
Edward is also a vassal to French King

20. 100 Years Cont’d England wins early and often Joan of Arc
Crecy and Agincourt
Joan of Arc
Teen girl decides to lead the war against England after visions and talks w/ Angels
“Dauphin” – future king of France
France slowly pushes England out

21. The Great Schism ( )
Popes begin to live in France (Avignon), not Rome
France holds power over the Popes
Keep electing French Popes
Pope takes a trip to Rome and dies!
People of Rome demand they choose new Pope in Rome
Preferably an Italian one!!!!

22. The Great Schism cont’d
Cardinals elect crazy Urban VI
Urban starts to complain about Cardinals and wants reform
Cardinals decide to just go elect another Pope in France
Clement VII
That’s 2 Popes at once!

23. Conciliar Movement
Movement to create a council that works with Pope on church matters
1324 Marsiglio – “Defensor Pacis”
Council of Constance
Vote in a new Pope, Martin V, and tell the others they are not Pope
Martin V ends the council and conciliar movement