1. Mycoplasma
Readings question #1: Where do the Mycoplasma pneumonia colonies adhere? How do they spread? What diseases are caused by this bacterium? (3 points)

2. Rickettsia Only reproduce within a mammalian cell
Induce phagocytosis; enter cytoplasm; reproduce by binary fission
Readings question #2: What is the most severe rickettsial infection, and what organism causes it? (2 points)

3. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

4. Rickettsia prowazekii
Readings question #3:
How is the Rickettsia prowazekii microbe transmitted to produce epidemic typhus?
Signs and symptoms: high and prolonged fever that lasts at least 2 weeks; stupor; rash that darkens as disease progresses
Anne Frank

5. Treatment tetracycline, doxycycline, chloramphenicol
eliminate conditions
vaccines for military

6. Rickettsia typhi sporadic murine: mouse Readings question #4:
How is the Rickettsia typhi microbe transmitted to produce endemic typhus?
treatment: tetracycline, doxycycline, chloramphenicol
rat control is best preventive measure

7. Coxiella burnetti parasite of several arthropods
birthing: organisms shed in high numbers
resistant to heat, drying, a many disinfectants
inhaling a single pathogen can cause infection
pasteurization temperature raised in 1956
responsible for Q fever

8. Q Fever Wide range of clinical symptoms 60% asymptomatic
Acute: high fevers ( degrees), severe headache, general malaise, confusion, sore throat, chills, sweats, non-productive cough, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain and chest pain
pneumonia: % patients; hepatitis

9. Chronic Q Fever Infection persists for more than 6 months
1 year or 20 years
Endocarditis
Transplant recipients, cancer, kidney disease
Treatment: acute- doxycycline
chronic- doxycycline & quinolones
doxycycline & hydroxychloroquine

10. Prevention education appropriate disposal restrict access
pasteurized milk
laboratory clothing
vaccination
quarantine
holding facilities
routine testing

11. Chlamydia
Readings question #5: What are the 3 species of chlamydias that are significant pathogens for humans? Describe the growth stages of this microorganism.(5pts) Chlamydias are transmitted to humans by interpersonal contact or by airborne respiratory routes.

12. Chlamydial pneumonia outbreaks among college students
transmitted by the respiratory route
50% U.S. population has antibodies
treatment: tetracycline

13. Chlamydia trachomatic
Causative agent for:
trachoma
Lymphogranuloma veneruem
NGU (non-gonococcal urethritis) or
NSU (non-specific urethritis)

14. Trachoma Greek: “rough eye”
arid parts of Africa and Asia, almost all children are infected early in their lives
500 million active cases worldwide and 7 million blinded victims
occurs occasionally in the southwestern U.S.
transmitted by hand contact or by sharing personal objects

15. Trachoma (cont’d) conjunctivitis leads to permanent scarring
long-term mechanical abrasion of the cornea
turned-in eyelashes
secondary infections
tetracycline ointment
partial immunity
sanitary practices and health education

16. Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)
Genital infections associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer
NGU/NSU: any inflammation of the urethra that is not caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae
painful urination and watery discharge
coinfection with C. trachomatis

17. Chlamycia psittaci
Infected birds will usually have diarrhea, ruffled feathers, respiratory illness, and a generally “droopy appearance”

18. Prions
“small proteinaceous infectious agents without a nucleic acid genome……produce spongiform encephalopathies”

19. Pathogenicity
abnormally folded proteins that cause the proteins to clump
diseases have a long incubation time
CNS damage is insidious
no fever and inflammation

20. Readings Question #6
Why are prions of a particular concern to embalmers? (3 points)

21. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
transfers/removals
embalming non-posted Remains
embalming posted remains
decontamination

22. NJ Dept. of Health/NJSFDA Embalming Non-posted Remains
Protective attire
Positioning
Topical disinfection
Washing and positioning
Injection site selection
Injection chemicals
No cavity aspiration
Aspiration alternative

23. Embalming Non-posted(cont’d)
other precautions:
purge
medical devices
washing
instruments
surfaces
disposables

24. Embalming Posted Remains
viscera
preservative powder
completion
viscera bag
cranial cavity
calvarium

25. Decontamination sodium hypochlorite incineration detergent
solution of 1:10 sodium hypochlorite/water