1. Ch 34 34.4-34.10 Immunity

2. Characteristics of Vertebrate immunity B& T lymphocytes distinguish “self” from “non- self” B& T lymphocytes distinguish “self” from “non- self” ignore normal body cells and attack pathogens or altered body cells. ignore normal body cells and attack pathogens or altered body cells. B&T mount attack AFTER they have been sensitized to a specific threat. B&T mount attack AFTER they have been sensitized to a specific threat. B&T show great diversity to the things they can act against B&T show great diversity to the things they can act against B&T have a “Memory” some of the B&T cells that form the first time they encounter a pathogen are set aside for future encounters. B&T have a “Memory” some of the B&T cells that form the first time they encounter a pathogen are set aside for future encounters.

3. Antigens Anything that triggers the production B&T cells and becomes a target of their attack is an ANTIGEN. Anything that triggers the production B&T cells and becomes a target of their attack is an ANTIGEN. When an antigen triggers the production of B&T cells some will become: When an antigen triggers the production of B&T cells some will become: 1- effector cells- these act at once- this is the “primary response” 1- effector cells- these act at once- this is the “primary response” 2- memory cells- these enter a resting phase but all have “receptors” for that specific antigen and are ready for a faster “secondary response” if the antigen shows up again. 2- memory cells- these enter a resting phase but all have “receptors” for that specific antigen and are ready for a faster “secondary response” if the antigen shows up again.

4. Antibodies Effector B cells are the only ones that can secrete antibodies- a molecule that binds to certain antigens, other WBC’s attack any molecule that has antibodies attached to it. Antibodies also inactivate antigen bearing cells in the blood and other body fluids and promote inflamation. Effector B cells are the only ones that can secrete antibodies- a molecule that binds to certain antigens, other WBC’s attack any molecule that has antibodies attached to it. Antibodies also inactivate antigen bearing cells in the blood and other body fluids and promote inflamation.

5. Cytotoxic T Cells These carry out cell mediated response to pathogens. That means that attack body cells that have pathogens inside them for example a virus. These are also the cells that recognize and kill cancer cells. They are also the cells that attack transplanted organs. These carry out cell mediated response to pathogens. That means that attack body cells that have pathogens inside them for example a virus. These are also the cells that recognize and kill cancer cells. They are also the cells that attack transplanted organs.

6. Immunotherapy Medical attempt to boost the immune system ( Cancer patients undergoing radiation or chemo) Medical attempt to boost the immune system ( Cancer patients undergoing radiation or chemo) Hematopoietic growth factors- stimulate production of blood cells in bone marrow. Hematopoietic growth factors- stimulate production of blood cells in bone marrow. Cytokines– stimulate production of defense cells ( B&T) Cytokines– stimulate production of defense cells ( B&T) Cancer Vaccines ??? Prime the body to recognize and fight cancer cells ( malignant melanoma) Cancer Vaccines ??? Prime the body to recognize and fight cancer cells ( malignant melanoma)

7. Sec. 34.9 Immunization – process that promotes immunity. Immunization – process that promotes immunity. Active Immunization- a antigen containing vaccine introduces a weakened or dead copy of pathogen – Causes Primary Immune response… booster shot causes secondary response. Active Immunization- a antigen containing vaccine introduces a weakened or dead copy of pathogen – Causes Primary Immune response… booster shot causes secondary response. Passive immunization- injection of antibodies purified from the blood of someone who has survived disease. The antibodies fight the infection but don’t cause an immune response. Passive immunization- injection of antibodies purified from the blood of someone who has survived disease. The antibodies fight the infection but don’t cause an immune response.

8. Allergies A substance that is normally harmless provokes and immune response. Antihistamines treat symptoms and desensitization programs can help end symptoms. A substance that is normally harmless provokes and immune response. Antihistamines treat symptoms and desensitization programs can help end symptoms. Anaphylactic shock- life threatening allergic response to an allergen. Fluids leak out of capillaries and BP drops. Anaphylactic shock- life threatening allergic response to an allergen. Fluids leak out of capillaries and BP drops.

9. Autoimmune Disorders Occur when “self recognition” fails and immune fighters attack ones own body cells. More frequent in women. Occur when “self recognition” fails and immune fighters attack ones own body cells. More frequent in women. ex.- Graves Disease, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis. ex.- Graves Disease, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis. Deficient immune response- loss of immune response, Primary Im. Deficiency present at birth. Secondary Im. Deficiency results after exposure to an outside agent such as a virus Deficient immune response- loss of immune response, Primary Im. Deficiency present at birth. Secondary Im. Deficiency results after exposure to an outside agent such as a virus ex. AIDS. ex. AIDS.