1. Weds. Feb. 28, 2007PHYS 1444-004, Spring 2007 Dr. Andrew Brandt 1 PHYS 1444 – Section 004 Review #1 Wednesday Feb. 28, 2007 Dr. Andrew Brandt 1.Test Monday Mar. 5 on Ch 21--25

2. PHYS 1444-004, Spring 2007 Dr. Andrew Brandt Weds. Feb. 28, 2007 2 Grading Exams: 50% –Best two of three exams (2 midterms + final) –Comprehensive final –Exams will be curved if necessary –No makeup tests Homework: 20% (no late homework) Pop quizzes10% Lab score: 20%

3. PHYS 1444-004, Spring 2007 Dr. Andrew Brandt Weds. Feb. 28, 2007 3 Electric Charge and Conservation Two types of electric charge –Like charges repel while unlike charges attract The net amount of electric charge produced in any process is ZERO!! When a positively charged metal object is brought close to an uncharged metal object –If the objects touch each other, the free charges flow until an equilibrium state is reached (charges flow in a conductor.) –If the objects are close, the free electrons in the neutral object still move within the metal toward the charged object leaving the opposite end of the object positively charged.(induced charge)

4. PHYS 1444-004, Spring 2007 Dr. Andrew Brandt Weds. Feb. 28, 2007 4 Coulomb’s Law – The Formula A vector quantity. Newtons Direction of electric (Coulomb) force (Newtons) is always along the line joining the two objects. –If two charges have the same sign: forces are directed away from each other. –If two charges are of opposite sign: forces are directed toward each other. Unit of charge is called Coulomb, C, in SI. Elementary charge, the smallest charge, is that of an electron: Formula

5. PHYS 1444-004, Spring 2007 Dr. Andrew Brandt Weds. Feb. 28, 2007 5 Vector Problems Calculate magnitude of vectors (Ex. force using Coulomb’s Law) Split vectors into x and y components and add these separately, using diagram to help determine sign Calculate magnitude of resultant |F|=  (F x 2 +F y 2 ) Use  = tan -1 (F y /F x ) to get angle

6. PHYS 1444-004, Spring 2007 Dr. Andrew Brandt Weds. Feb. 28, 2007 6 The Electric Field The electric field at any point in space is defined as the force exerted on a tiny positive test charge divided by magnitude of the test charge The electric field inside a conductor is ZERO in a static situation

7. PHYS 1444-004, Spring 2007 Dr. Andrew Brandt Weds. Feb. 28, 2007 7 Example 21 – 14 Electron accelerated by electric field. An electron (mass m = 9.1x10 -31 kg) is accelerated from rest in a uniform field E (E = 2.0x10 4 N/C) between two parallel charged plates (d=1.5 cm), andpasses through a tiny hole in the positive plate. (a) With what speed does it leave the hole? Dipoles, torque, etc.

8. PHYS 1444-004, Spring 2007 Dr. Andrew Brandt Weds. Feb. 28, 2007 8 Electric Flux

9. PHYS 1444-004, Spring 2007 Dr. Andrew Brandt Weds. Feb. 28, 2007 9 Gauss’ Law The precise relation between flux and the enclosed charge is given by Gauss’ Law 0 0 is the permittivity of free space in the Coulomb’s law A few important points on Gauss’ Law –Freedom to choose!! The integral is performed over the value of E on a closed surface of our choice in any given situation. –Test of existence of electrical charge!! The charge Q encl is the net charge enclosed by the arbitrary closed surface of our choice. –Universality of the law! It does NOT matter where or how much charge is distributed inside the surface. –The charge outside the surface does not contribute to Q encl. Why? The charge outside the surface might impact field lines but not the total number of lines entering or leaving the surface

10. PHYS 1444-004, Spring 2007 Dr. Andrew Brandt Weds. Feb. 28, 2007 10 Electric Potential Energy Concept of energy is very useful solving mechanical problems Conservation of energy makes solving complex problems easier. Defined for conservative forces (independent of path)

11. PHYS 1444-004, Spring 2007 Dr. Andrew Brandt Weds. Feb. 28, 2007 11 Electric Potential Energy What is the definition of change in electric potential energy U b –U a ? – The potential gained by the charge as it moves from point a to point b.b. – The negative work done on the charge by the electric force to move it from a to b.b. Let’s consider an electric field between two parallel plates w/ equal but opposite charges –The field between the plates is uniform since the gap is small and the plates are infinitely long… What happens when we place a small charge, +q, on a point at the positive plate and let go? –The electric force will accelerate the charge toward negative plate. –What kind of energy does the charged particle gain? Kinetic energy

12. PHYS 1444-004, Spring 2007 Dr. Andrew Brandt Weds. Feb. 28, 2007 12 Electric Potential The electric field (E) is defined as electric force per unit charge: F/q (vector quantity) Electric potential (V) is defined as electrical potential energy per unit charge U/q (scalar)

13. PHYS 1444-004, Spring 2007 Dr. Andrew Brandt Weds. Feb. 28, 2007 13 Comparisons of Potential Energies Let’s compare gravitational and electric potential energies 2mm What are the potential energies of the rocks? –mgh and 2mgh Which rock has a bigger potential energy? –The rock with a larger mass Why? –It’s got a bigger mass. What are the potential energies of the charges? –+QV ba and +2QV ba Which object has a bigger potential energy? –The object with a larger charge. Why? –It’s got a bigger charge. The “potential” is the same but the heavier rock or larger charge can do a greater work.

14. PHYS 1444-004, Spring 2007 Dr. Andrew Brandt Weds. Feb. 28, 2007 14 What are the differences between the electric potential and the electric field? –Electric potential Electric potential energy per unit charge Inversely proportional to the distance Simply add the potential from each of the charges to obtain the total potential from multiple charges, since potential is a scalar quantity –Electric field Electric force per unit charge Inversely proportional to the square of the distance Need vector sums to obtain the total field from multiple charges Potential for a positive charge is large near the charge and decreases to 0 at large distances. Potential for the negative charge is small (large magnitude but negative) near the charge and increases with distance to 0 Properties of the Electric Potential

15. PHYS 1444-004, Spring 2007 Dr. Andrew Brandt Weds. Feb. 28, 2007 15 E Determined from V Potential difference between two points is So in a differential form, we can write –What are dV and El?El? dV is the infinitesimal potential difference between two points separated by the distance dldl E l is the field component along the direction of dl.dl. Thus we can write the field component E l as The component of the electric field in any direction is equal to the negative rate of change of the electric potential as a function of distance in that direction.!! Physical Meaning?

16. PHYS 1444-004, Spring 2007 Dr. Andrew Brandt Weds. Feb. 28, 2007 16 Electrostatic Potential Energy; Three Charges So what do we do for three charges? Work is needed to bring all three charges together –Work needed to bring Q1 Q1 to a certain place without the presence of any charge is 0. –Work needed to bring Q2 Q2 to a distance to Q1 Q1 is –Work need to bring Q3 Q3 to a distance to Q1 Q1 and Q2 Q2 is So the total electrostatic potential of the three charge system is

17. PHYS 1444-004, Spring 2007 Dr. Andrew Brandt Weds. Feb. 28, 2007 17 Capacitors A simple capacitor consists of a pair of parallel plates of area A separated by a distance d.d. –A cylindrical capacitors are essentially parallel plates wrapped around as a cylinder. How would you draw symbols for a capacitor and a battery? –Capacitor -||- –Battery (+) -|i- (-) Circuit Diagram

18. PHYS 1444-004, Spring 2007 Dr. Andrew Brandt Weds. Feb. 28, 2007 18 If a battery is connected to a capacitor, the capacitor gets charged quickly, one plate positive and the other negative with an equal amount.. For a given capacitor, the amount of charge stored in the capacitor is proportional to the potential difference V ba between the plates. C is a proportionality constant, called capacitance of the device. Capacitors C is a property of a capacitor so does not depend on Q or V. Normally use  F or pF.

19. PHYS 1444-004, Spring 2007 Dr. Andrew Brandt Weds. Feb. 28, 2007 19 Example 24 – 1 Capacitor calculations: (a) Calculate the capacitance of a capacitor whose plates are 20 cm x 3.0 cm and are separated by a 1.0 mm air gap. (b) What is the charge on each plate if the capacitor is connected to a 12 V battery? (c) What is the electric field between the plates? (d) Estimate the area of the plates needed to achieve a capacitance of 1F, given the same air gap. (a) Using the formula for a parallel plate capacitor, we obtain (b) From Q=CV, the charge on each plate is

20. PHYS 1444-004, Spring 2007 Dr. Andrew Brandt Weds. Feb. 28, 2007 20 Electric Energy Storage What work is needed to add a small amount of charge (dq) when the potential difference across the plates is V? Since V=q/C, the work needed to store total charge Q is Thus, the energy stored in a capacitor when the capacitor carries charges +Q and –Q is Since Q=CV, we can rewrite dW=Vdq

21. PHYS 1444-004, Spring 2007 Dr. Andrew Brandt Weds. Feb. 28, 2007 21 Dielectrics Capacitors generally have an insulating sheet of material, called a dielectric, between the plates to –Increase the breakdown voltage above that in air –Allows the plates get closer together without touching Increases capacitance ( recall C=  0 A/d) –Also increases the capacitance by the dielectric constant Where C0 C0 is the intrinsic capacitance when the gap is vacuum, and K or  is the dielectric constant

22. PHYS 1444-004, Spring 2007 Dr. Andrew Brandt Weds. Feb. 28, 2007 22 Electric Current When a circuit is powered by a battery (or a source of emf), charge can flow through the circuit. Electric Current: Any flow of charge –Current can flow whenever there is potential difference between the ends of a conductor (or when the two ends have opposite charges) –Electric current in a wire can be defined as the net amount of charge that passes through the wire’s full cross section at any point per unit time (just like the flow of water through a pipe) –Average current is defined as: –The instantaneous current is: –What kind of a quantity is the current? Unit of current? C/s 1A=1C/s In a single circuit, conservation of electric charge guarantees that the current at one point of the circuit is the same as any other point on the circuit. Scalar

23. PHYS 1444-004, Spring 2007 Dr. Andrew Brandt Weds. Feb. 28, 2007 23 Ohm’s Law: Resistance The exact amount of current flow in a wire depends on –The voltage –The resistance of the wire to the flow of electrons The higher the resistance the less the current for the given potential difference V

24. PHYS 1444-004, Spring 2007 Dr. Andrew Brandt Weds. Feb. 28, 2007 24 Resistivity It is experimentally found that the resistance R of a metal wire is directly proportional to its length l and inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area A –The proportionality constant  is called the resistivity and depends on the material used. The higher the resistivity the higher the resistance –The reciprocal of the resistivity is called the conductivity, ,, A l

25. PHYS 1444-004, Spring 2007 Dr. Andrew Brandt Weds. Feb. 28, 2007 25 Electric Power Power -the rate at which work is done or the energy is transferred P=IV can apply to any devices while the formulae involving resistance only apply to Ohmic resistors.

26. PHYS 1444-004, Spring 2007 Dr. Andrew Brandt Weds. Feb. 28, 2007 26 Alternating Current The voltage produced by an AC electric generator is sinusoidal –This is why the current is sinusoidal Voltage produced can be written as What are the maximum and minimum voltages? –V0 –V0 and –V 0 –The potential oscillates between +V 0 and –V 0, the peak voltages or amplitude –What is f ? The frequency, the number of complete oscillations made per second. What is the unit of f ? What is the normal size of f in the US? –f = 60 Hz in the US and Canada. –Many European countries have f = 50Hz. –  f