1. MODALS

2. THE NINE BASIC MODALS CanCould WillWould ShallShould MayMightMust

3. MORE : PHRASAL MODALS ( 2 OR MORE WORDS ) be able tohave/has to be going to used tohave/has got to be supposed to ought to had better would rather

4. WHY USE MODALS?  Modals express speakers’ attitudes.  They convey the strength of those attitudes.  For example, modals can express that a speaker feels something is necessary, advisable, permissible, possible, or probable.

5. MODAL RULES

6. 1. Modals do not take inflections [–s in 3 rd person singular, -ing, -ed]  She might go to the store later today.  Dad will shop for a new car tomorrow.  John can run a marathon.  He should live however he wants.

7. MODAL RULES 2. Modals are followed immediately by the base form (simple form) of the verb.  Mary may finish her book tonight.  He would drive her to the store, but he’s busy fixing his new computer.  She could win the lottery if she bought a ticket.

8. MODAL RULES 3. Use not to make modal verbs negative.  We may not arrive to class on time.  Children must not eat mushrooms.  He cannot wink with his left eye.  She could not swim when she was four years old.

9. MODAL RULES 4. Many modal verbs cannot be used in the past or future tenses. ✖ She musted work hard on her paper. ✖ He coulded shop until midnight. ✖ He will might go to a concert. ✖ He will may go out on Friday night.

10. REVIEW: MODAL RULES  Modals do not take –s (3 rd per. singular), -ing, -ed  Modals are followed immediately by the base form (simple form) of the verb.  Use “not” to make modal verbs negative.  Many modal verbs cannot be used in the past or future tenses.

11. MODAL MEANINGS

12. MODAL USAGE/MEANING USEMODAL(S)/PHRASAL MODAL(S) Advisabilityshould, ought to, had better Ability - Pastcould Ability - Presentcan, be able to Future Tensewill, shall (formal, British) Habitual (repeated) Past Actionwould, used to Necessitymust, have/has to, have/has got to(spoken Eng.) Necessity - Past of Musthad to Polite Request (I as subject)May I(formal), Could I, Can I ?(informal) Possibility (present)must (strong) -may, might, could (weak) Possibility (future)will (strong),should,may, might, could Regret (unfulfilled wish)should have done sth (past) Willingnesswill

13. DEGREES OF CERTAINTY/POSSIBILITY He is a teacher. (100%sure – a fact) He must be a teacher. High Certainty He may be a teacher. He might be a teacher. He could be a teacher. Low Certainty

14. PRACTICE NOW  Correct the errors: 1. May I borrowed your grammar book? 2. Could you please to turn off the TV? 3. John must goes to bed early tonight. 4. She shouldn’t have wrote this email. 5. I can saw the man in the distance. 6. May you help me? 7. He should of studied harder for the test.

15. HOMEWORK AZAR book  Chapter 9: Exercises 2, 15, 23  Chapter 10: Exercises 2, 6, 11