1. Finite Clauses

2. Types of Sentences Simple Compound Complex Compound Complex

3. Clauses Word --> Phrase --> Clause --> Sentence Clauses have a verb - one main verb per clause Finite Clauses - Verb inflected for tense Non-Finite –Infinitive –Participial, including Gerunds

4. Types of Embedded Sentences Subordinate Clauses (Adverbial) –Indicate time, place, manner, cause, or condition –Usually preceded by a subordinator Relative Clauses (Adjectival) –Relative Pronouns –Restrictive vs. non-restrictive relative clauses Complement Clauses (Nominal)

5. Complement Clauses Appear as an NP Can be the subject of the sentence [That you like bananas] is surprising. Can be an object I know [that you like bananas.] Can be replaced by a pronoun (It is surprising; I know it.) That is a complementizer.

6. Direct Discourse Direct discourse is when a person is quoted: He said, “You took my cheese.” Indirect Discourse is when a person is paraphrased. He said that you took my cheese. In direct discourse, time, place, and participants are tied to the original utterance. She said, “The treasure is buried here.” He said, “Is your party tomorrow.”

7. Interrogative Complement Clauses One of the NPs in the complement clause is replaced by an interrogative pronoun Examples: –I know [who stole my cheese]. –I heard [what you said]. –I wonder [how they did that]. Notice that the WH-word appears at the beginning of the clause and that no question mark is used.

8. Non-Finite Clauses

9. Non-Finite Clause: Infinitives Introduced by to or for to. –I want [to buy the cheese]. –[To err] is human. –[For him to err] is terrible. Can also appear without to: –I heard him break the cookie jar. –He made me eat my spinach. Can be nominal, adverbial (I bought it [to surprise you].), or adjectival (He was the last person [to talk to me.]).

10. Chris wants (Chris) take my cheese S NP VP MVP MV NP S VP MV NP N N

11. Chris wants take cheese to my

12. Chris wants Bill take my cheese S NP VP MVP MV NP S VP MV NP N N

13. Chris wants take cheese to my Bill

14. To and For/To Infinitives Sentences with infinitive clauses as subject use for if the subject is part of the clause –For you to say that is shocking. –To say that is shocking. Sentences with for/to clauses as direct objects are less direct than those with to –She sent him to buy supplies. –She sent for him to buy supplies. –She asked him to leave. –She asked for him to leave.

15. Bare vs. to Infinitives Tied to degree of likelihood that event took place She made him shave She let him shave --> He shaved She asked him to shave. She wanted him to shave. --> He might not have shaved.

16. Reminder: Non-Finite Clauses Infinitives –To-Infinitives –For-To-Infinitives –Bare Infinities Participles –Present Participial Clauses –Past Participial Clauses

17. Participial Clauses

18. Present Participial Clauses Adverbial –Walking to work, I spotted an eagle. –While walking to work, I spotted an eagle. (elliptical subordinate clause) –Many people having seen the eagle, I am now satisfied. Adjectival –The people standing on the street were watching the eagle. Gerund (Nominal) –Watching the eagle was fun.

19. Usage: Dangling Modifiers Dangling Infinitives –Eager to work, my tools lay before me. –To feel rewarded, a job must be well-paying. Dangling Present Participle –Flying high in the sky, I spotted an eagle. –Standing on a cliff, the ocean inspired me. Dangling Past Participle –Hard boiled, I took the eggs out of the water. –Fed well, the entertainment began. –Sauced and seasoned, I tasted the entrée.

20. Nominative Absolutes Actually Adverbials, but still called “nominative” Tensed form of the verb or auxiliary BE is deleted Examples: (pp. 395-396) –His mind on the test, Bill entered the classroom. –The children fed and put to bed, Pat and Chris relaxed. –My hair a mess, I wandered into the classroom. –Eyes gleaming, they ran into the playground. –They ran into the playground, their eyes ablaze.