1. Eye Movements – Target Selection & Control READING Schall JD (2002) The neural selection and control of saccades by frontal eye field. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London: Series B Biological Sciences. 357:1073-1082. Schall JD, Boucher L. (2007) Executive control of gaze by the frontal lobes. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 7:396-412.

2. Brainstem Saccade Generator 100 msec "Where" "When" Oculomotor neuron Tonic neuron Medium lead burst neuron Omnipause neuron Eye position

3. How does the brain choose where to look? How does the brain correct errors? How does the brain control when to move?

4. The function of the FEF cannot be understood outside the context of the network in which it is a node. That network includes connections with extrastriate visual areas as well as connections with the basal ganglia and brainstem motor structures.

5. Superior colliculus Visual input from retina and visual cortex Neurons have receptive fields Responses of some cells enhanced if stimulus is target No saccade Saccade to RF Saccade to CON

6. Superior colliculus There is map of the visual field

7. Superior colliculus Deeper layers have neurons active before saccades Innervate saccade generator circuit in brainstem “Movement fields” are broad

8. Superior colliculus Population coding of saccade direction Saccade averaging

10. The superior colliculus is “controlled” by the basal ganglia Coordinated neural modulation Effects of manipulation Normal After GABA agonist in right SNpr

11. In the 19th century David Ferrier discovered that electrical stimulation of the frontal lobe around the arcuate sulcus evoked movements of the eyes. He called this the Frontal Eye Field

12. Color & Shape Motion Ocular Motor Structures The frontal eye field projects to ocular motor structures to produce movements of the eyes and is reciprocally connected with extrastriate visual areas.

13. SC & FEF neurons select the target when it can be found automatically. 0 Thompson, Hanes, Bichot, Schall (1996) Perceptual and motor processing stages identified in the activity of macaque frontal eye field neurons during visual search. Journal of Neurophysiology 76:4040-4055. 100200 Time from array (msec) Activation (sp/sec) 0 100

14. Yarbus, A. L. 1967 Eye Movements and Vision. New York: Plenum Press. Remember the location of the objects in the room. Remember the ages of the people in the room Gaze is guided by knowledge as well as vision

15. Target in RF Similar distractor in RF Dissimilar distractor in RF Bichot, N.P. & Schall, J.D. (1999). Effects of similarity and history on neural mechanisms of visual selection. Nature Neuroscience 2:549-554. FEF neurons also select the target when knowledge must be combined with vision.

16. The time of target selection does not specify when gaze will shift. This means another neural process must intervene between target selection and saccade initiation and that process is of randomly variable timing. 0100200 0100200

17. The control of movement can be studied with the countermanding (stop signal) task success error

18. Frontal Eye Field Controls when gaze shifts Time from stimulus (sec) 0.0 Activation 0.10.2 (as part of a network!) Hanes, D.P. and J.D. Schall (1996) Neural control of voluntary movement initiation. Science 274:427-430.

19. Variability in saccade preparation can account for some of the delay and variability of reaction times.

20. Countermanding paradigm: Race model Logan, G.D. & Cowan, W.B. (1984) On the ability to inhibit thought and action: A theory of an act of control. Psychological Review 91:295-327. Hanes DP and Schall JD (1995) Countermanding saccades in macaque.Visual Neuroscience 12:929-37` Time needed to cancel the planned movement

21. Frontal Eye Field Also controls whether gaze shifts (as part of a network!) Hanes, D.P., W.F. Patterson, J.D. Schall (1998) The role of frontal eye field in countermanding saccades: Visual, movement and fixation activity. Journal of Neurophysiology 79:817-834.

22. Frontal eye field (as part of network!) controls gaze. Does supplementary eye field do the same?

23. Some neurons in supplementary eye field & anterior cingulate cortex signal errors 100200 300400500 Time from EMG onset (msec) 0 from Gehring and Fencsik, The Journal of Neuroscience 21(23):9430-9437 Error-related negativityError-related unit activity Stuphorn V, Taylor TL, Schall JD (2000) Performance monitoring by supplementary eye field. Nature 408:857-860. Ito S, Stuphorn V, Brown JW, Schall JD (2003) Performance monitoring by the anterior cingulate cortex during saccade countermanding. Science 302:120-122.

24. Performance during countermanding varies stochastically… … and adaptively Emeric EE, Brown JW, Boucher L, Carpenter RH, Hanes DP, Harris R, Logan GD, Mashru RN, Paré M, Pouget P, Stuphorn V, Taylor TL, Schall JD. (2007) Influence of history on saccade countermanding performance in humans and macaque monkeys. Vision Research 47:35-49.

25. 100200300400500 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Stop Signal Delay (msec) Probability (Non-Canceled|SSD) Without Stimulation With Stimulation Microstimulation of some sites in SEF reduced the probability of producing an error The supplementary eye field can exert executive control on the ocular motor system Stuphorn V, Brown, JW, Schall JD (2006) Executive control of countermanding saccades by the supplementary eye field. Nature Neuroscience 9:925-931.

26. A network for guidance and control of gaze FEF ACC SEF StimulusResponse Consequences Selection and control of eye movements Monitor conflict and consequences Interface of control and executive systems?