1. An Obligation to Act? ANTH 3301: Health, Healing &Ethics Prof. Carolyn Smith-Morris

2. Are you involved? http://www.proprofs.com/quiz- school/story.php?title=what-type-social-activist- are-you_1 Examples Community Action Website

3. Review of Foundational Principles in the UDHR All humans are endowed with these rights because of their humanity. Human rights are universal. All people are equal. Rights adhere to the individual. Human rights encompass the fundamental principles of humanity (i.e., right to life, freedom from slavery, freedom from torture) and are absolute. Promotion and protection of human rights are not bound by territories of nation-states.

4. “[The Universal Declaration of Human Rights] represents a broader consensus on human dignity than does any single culture or tradition”. “… [I]nternational consensus on human rights… embodied in the language of the Universal Declaration itself”.

5. “Universal human rights do not impose one cultural standard, rather one legal standard of minimum protection….”

6. Article 25 Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for health and well-being of himself and his family, including food, clothing, housing, and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control Mother and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection

7. The Nuremberg Code (1947) Result of the Nuremberg War Crimes Trial September 1939 to April 1945, primarily for the benefit of the German Air Force or for developing treatments for war-related injuries and trauma. Various experiments: effects of high-altitude, freezing, exposure to gas, Typhus…. Defendants included: Rudolf Brandt, Wolfram Sievers, Kurt Blome, Viktor Brack, Waldemar Hoven. Trial was a strong impetus behind the effort to write and adopt the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Trial led to the Nuremberg Code of 1947

8. The Nuremberg Code (1947) 1.Voluntary Consent 2.Must be likely to yield new knowledge, unprocurable by other methods 3.The anticipated results justify the conduct of the experiement 4.Must avoid all unnecessary suffering and injury 5.No research when death or disabling injury is expected 6.Risks may never exceed the humanitarian importance of the new knowledge 7.Proper preparations and protections 8.Only by scientifically qualified persons 9.Subjects must be at liberty to terminate/withdraw 10.Researchers must be prepared to terminate, should their continuation have a likelihood of injury, disability or death.

9. To Get Involved? 6 traits of the current international milieu vis-à-vis intervention 1.Absence of consensus 2.New balance of power (?) 3.Traditional influences focused on security; modern era of economic interdependence 4.Truly global economy (though states were never islands, uninfluenced by neighbors) 5.National Sovereignty is a “Constituent Principle” 6.Colonialism and old-fashioned aggression are still occasions for intervention

10. To Get Involved? International Law is “thinly institutionalized” and constantly evolving Collective intervention is our current model for checking power

11. Moral Reasoning for/vs. Intervention Statists – Those who look at states as the source of values – Realists Arguments Traditionally hostile to ethical intervention on the grounds that such interventions are not disinterested (although they also say that, to work, they must have “real” interests at stake). The goal of creating a more orderly international system may justify intervention for realists.

12. Moral Reasoning for/vs. Intervention Cosmopolitanists – Universalists – Liberalist Arguments Traditionally value self-determination, community, and shared history; may also include a more universal conception of “human rights” in which sovereignty has subsidiary and conditional value. Individual autonomy in a community of tolerance Noninterventionists here value community itself, shared values should be respected prima facie by outsiders. (If freedom is not earned, it will not survive.)

13. Humanitarian Intervention Smith’s View on Liberalism – Puts sovereignty subordinate to human rights claims – Persons are social beings, so society must protect the ability to come together for common purposes – Subordinates the principle of state sovereignty to the recognition of human rights.

14. To Get Involved? U.S. Health Care – Emergency Medicine (Dr. Pou) Texas Health Care – Funding for county hospitals – Film: “Life in the Balance: The Health Care Crisis in Texas”

15. Exam Review Review sheet Some definitions I owe you: – Social Capital: the benefits which accrue from one’s membership in society; the non-material resources (e.g., help, knowledge, access) that nevertheless produce material good – Cultural Capital: the benefits which accrue from one’s ability to perform a cultural persona correctly (e.g., knowledge, skills, education, accent)