1. Unit 9: Solution Chemistry Section 2: Percent Composition and Colligative Properties

2. Percent Composition Used by consumers to determine the concentration of a solution – Chemists use molarity! There are formulas used to calculate % composition – Consumer products don’t indicate which formula they are using – Each manufacturer chooses their own method that they feel is most suitable for their product Possible issues?????

3. Percent Solutions Mass/mass solutions: – Ex: Calculate the percent solution formed by mixing 5 grams of solute with 95 grams of solvent. solution

4. Percent Solutions Mass/Volume solutions: – Ex: Calculate the percent solution formed by mixing 2 grams of solute with enough water to make 50 mL of solution.

5. Percent Solutions Volume/Volume solutions: – Ex: Calculate the percent solution formed by mixing 5 mL of alcohol with enough water to make 100 mL of solution.

6. Other Concentration Terms Parts per million (ppm): Parts per billion (ppb): “Parts” = basic unit These terms are usually reserved for describing relatively small amounts, such as levels of air and water pollutants

7. Colligative Properties Properties of solutions that depend on the number of solute molecules in a given volume of solvent

8. Vapor Pressure Caused by the evaporation of molecules at the surface of a liquid – The escaping molecules exert an upward pressure as they leave the liquid Solutions have less vapor pressure because the solute molecules mixed in reduce the number of solvent molecules on the surface.

9. Boiling Point The temperature at which the vapor pressure escaping from a liquid exceeds atmospheric pressure pushing down on the surface of the liquid – The boiling point of a liquid increases when molecules of a solute are added – surface blocked by molecules of solute

10. Freezing Point The temperature at which molecules of a substance no longer slide past each other; becomes a solid. – When a solute is dissolved, the freezing point is lowered (a lower temperature must be reached to freeze the solution)