1. Chap 12 The Endocrine system: glands and hormones
Memmler’s A&P
Chap 12 The Endocrine system: glands and hormones

2. Endocrine system p260
A group of glands that produce regulatory chemicals
Works with nervous system to control and coordinate body system activities
Hormone effects are slow acting

3. Hormones p260 Chemical messengers
Endocrine glands secrete their hormones directly into the surrounding tissue fluids
Regulation of hormones is primarily by negative feedback to maintain homeostasis

5. Pituitary Gland p261 Pituitary gland is the master gland
Controlled by the hypothalmus
See table 12-1 p262
Anterior lobe
FLAT PIG
Posterior lobe
ADH, oxytocin

6. Disorders of thyroid gland: Goiter Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism
Thyroid gland p265
Thyroxine (T4)
Thiiodothyronine (T3)
Calcitonin
Disorders of thyroid gland:
Goiter
Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism

7. Goiter and exophthalmos p266

8. Parathyroid glands p266
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

9. Calcium metabolism p267
Calcium balance is necessary for healthy bones, teeth, and for proper functioning of nervous tissue and muscle.
Vitamin D is necessary for calcium absorption in the small intestine
Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone work together to maintain a homeostatic blood level of calcium.

10. Adrenal glands p267 2 parts: Adrenal cortex Stimulated by ACTH
Secretes
Glucocorticoid
cortisol
Mineralcorticoid
aldosterone
Adrenal medulla
Stimulated by SNS
epinephrine
norepinephrine

11. Pancreas hormones p268 Insulin Glucagon Diabetes mellitus Type 1
Gestational diabetes

12. Long term complications of uncontrolled DM p269
Abnormal fat metabolism, leads to hardening of the arteries (arteriosclerosis)
Damage to blood vessels, retina
Damage to peripheral nerves: peripheral neuropathy
Decreased transport of amino acids: poor wound healing

13. Sex hormones p269-270 Male sex hormones: androgens
Testosterone secreted by testes
Under effects of LH from anterior pituitary
Female sex hormones:
Estrogen and progesterone secreted by ovaries
Under effects of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary
Effects of sex hormones at puberty results in secondary sex characteristics

14. Pineal gland p270 Located in middle of brain
Secretes melatonin during dark periods
Regulates sleep wake cycles

15. Other hormones p270
Erythropoietin- produced by kidneys to stimulate RBC production
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) – produced by atria of heart to lower blood pressure
Placental hormones (HCG) human chorionic gonaditropin

16. Hormones and stress p271
Endocrine system secretes hormones in response to stress
Sympathetic nervous system causes release of
Epinephrine
causes response to be body wide
ACTH
raises levels of glucose
inhibits inflammation by stimulating release of
cortisol
aldosterone
Growth hormone
Thyroid hormones
Sex hormones
Insulin
Unchecked, this process is harmful to your body.