1. HC Place cells ntaxi drivers enlarged CA1 region nRat place cells nHow was this diagram obtained? nHow reliable is it? rat running in triangular path McNaughton et al (1996) J Exp Biol 199, 173–185

2. nColours represent different neurons

3. nrecordings separated by 1 hr in home cage nrecordings separated by 6 hours of novel environments

4. nThe recording environment consisted of a moderately illuminated room, with a raised triangular track located in the middle. The rat’s task was to move continuously in one direction around the track to receive food reinforcement at the mid-point of each side

5. It all began… nNote this is actually a restrained rat, being gently moved around 400 ms O'Keefe JO'Keefe J, Dostrovsky J. Brain Res. 1971 Nov;34(1):171-5. [on VLE]Dostrovsky J

6. Multiple electrodes O'Keefe &. Recce (1993) Hippocampus 3, 317–330 Use a computer to do spike recognition

7. Gothard et al (1996) J Neurosci: 16:823-835 LEDs to track head position and direction Inbuilt FET amplifier, 14 x 4

9. Freely moving rat O’Keefe (1976) Experimental neurol 51, 78-109 (1976)

10. Place unit 202-2. There is a smaller high-frequency displace unit in the background O’Keefe (1976) Experimental neurol 51, 78-109 (1976)

11. O'Keefe Conway (1978) Exp. Brain Res. 31,573-590 light, buzzer, fan, white card, trained to forage in T-maze

12. O'Keefe &. Recce (1993) Hippocampus 3, 317–330 place cells [2 and 3] firing as rat ran along runway theta rhythm of EEG speed of rat

13. Precession at end of rhythm at start of rhythm

14. nrats foraging over platform nrecord CA1 pyramidal cells in theta θ rhythm Skaggs et al (1996) Hippocampus 6:149-172

15. Place cells fire out of θ phase Skaggs et al (1996) Hippocampus 6:149-172 where was rat when θ was max? where was the max firing of this pyramidal cell?

16. Review nAre the CA1 cells firing at random? nAre the CA1 neurons firing to u place u some other activity u motivation? http://biolpc22.york.ac.uk/750/mem/place_cells.ppt