1. Applying Human Factors Principles Chapter 10 Section B Aeronautical Decision Making

2. Downloaded from www.avhf.com Risk Elements Pilot – fitness, competency, currency, experience Aircraft – performance, limits, equipment, airworthiness Environment – wx., airport conditions, ATC svcs. Operation – purpose of flight Situation – situational awareness of all above

3. Downloaded from www.avhf.com Decision-making Process D – detect E – estimate C – choose I – identify D – do E – evaluate

4. Downloaded from www.avhf.com Accidents – Incidents Accident – – An occurrence in which any person on board the aircraft suffers death or serious injury, or in which the aircraft receives substantial damage Incident – – An occurrence other than an accident which affects the safety of operations

5. Downloaded from www.avhf.com NTSB National Transportation Safety Board – Investigates every U. S. civil aviation accident – Issues safety recommendations – Maintains database – Conducts research on safety issues – www.ntsb.gov

6. Downloaded from www.avhf.com Poor Judgment Chain aka error chain Accidents and incidents rarely, if ever, are the result of a single cause Usually a series of errors occurs which lead to the accident or incident Break one link in the chain and sequence of events would be stopped

7. Downloaded from www.avhf.com Risk Flight activities where accidents are most likely to occur

8. Downloaded from www.avhf.com When do aviation accidents happen? 57.2% of GA accidents occur during 6% of flight time Takeoff/initial climb, Approach, Landing

9. Downloaded from www.avhf.com PIC Responsibility Read top half of page 10-28 Judgment – Learned From your mistakes From other experiences From the experiences of others – Ability to exercise good judgment affected by Stressors

10. Downloaded from www.avhf.com Stressors Three categories – Physical stress – Physiological stress – Psychological stress Personal checklist

11. Downloaded from www.avhf.com Stress

12. Downloaded from www.avhf.com Improving Judgment Anticipate decisions Train and practice in critical areas Match individual skills with the job Standardize whenever possible Maintain positive attitudes Practice effective communications Be deliberate in decision making

13. Downloaded from www.avhf.com Hazardous Attitudes

14. Downloaded from www.avhf.com Communication Sending Listening Feedback Good ATC radio procedures help

15. Downloaded from www.avhf.com Communication When the rear-seat pilot of a dual-piloted T-33 aircraft attempted to adjust his position, he inadvertently deployed the life raft in the seat bucket survival kit. As the raft inflated, it pushed the stick forward, which caused the aircraft to pitch nose down. The front seat pilot attempted to correct the dive, but met resistance when he pulled the stick back.

16. Downloaded from www.avhf.com Communication, continued Meanwhile, the back seater found and deployed the raft deflation tool. The front seater, trying to solve the control problem, heard an explosion as the cockpit filled with talcum powder from inside the raft, which looked very much like smoke. He identified the problem as an engine failure, closed the throttle and secured the engine.

17. Downloaded from www.avhf.com Communication, continued As the haze cleared in the back, the back seater noticed the apparent engine flameout and ejected. The front seater then dead- sticked the aircraft into a field. Throughout this entire sequence, not a word was spoken.

18. Downloaded from www.avhf.com Barriers to Sending Poor choice of words Silence Assumptions Tone Over load Volume

19. Downloaded from www.avhf.com Barriers to Listening Boredom Complacency Distractions Impatience Anger

20. Downloaded from www.avhf.com Feedback Ask for clarification until you understand Acknowledge Restate Confirm Observe Question Disagree Answer

21. Downloaded from www.avhf.com Double Check When You Hear... Probably Possibly I think so I hope so Maybe Should

22. Downloaded from www.avhf.com Internal Barriers to Communication Rank Attitude Choice of words Misinterpretation Hearback – Hear what you want to hear or are expecting – Mixing/switching numbers 200-220, 120,210

23. Downloaded from www.avhf.com External Barriers to Communications High noise Uncomfortable temperatures High workload Uncertain of policies/procedures Unable to see the other person

24. Downloaded from www.avhf.com Resources Internal – in the cockpit during flight External – outside of the cockpit during flight

25. Downloaded from www.avhf.com Workload Management Plan Prepare Prioritize

26. Downloaded from www.avhf.com Overload

27. Downloaded from www.avhf.com Compare

28. Downloaded from www.avhf.com Situational Awareness An accurate perception of the operational and environmental factors which affect the aircraft, pilot, and passengers during a specific period of time. Fixating on one thing Complacency

29. Downloaded from www.avhf.com ADM Works! United Flight 232 Captain Al Haynes – “We had 103 Years of flying experience in that cockpit... but not one minute of that 103 years had been spent operating an airplane the way we were trying to fly it. If we had not worked together, with everybody coming up with ideas and discussing what we should do next and how we were going to do it, I do not think we would have made it to Sioux City.”