1. NSC 440 RESEARCH IN NURSING 4 UNITS DEPARTMENT OF NURSING SCIENCE FACULTY OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 1

2. Ethics of Nursing Research ADENIKE OLAOGUN PhD RN RM RPHN

3. Objectives At the end of the learning session; the learners will be able to- 1.Define ethics 2.Discuss the history of ethics in research 3.Identify the principles of ethics

4. Questions

5. INTRODUCTION TO CONTENT As nurses you have learnt about ethics in Nursing. Research is a scientific process that most of the time in nursing involves human subjects. There is a great need to comply and be ruled by ethics. 5

6. Historical background The Nazi program conducted by Hitler resulted into some heart shaking discoveries. Jews were subjected to all sorts of hardships that tested endurance, human response to diseases and untested drugs. The Tuskegee syphilis study in 1932-72 where treatment was withdrawn from 400 black poor people

7. Codes of Ethics Nuremberg Code- developed after the Nazi crisis. Declaration of Helsinki was adopted in 1964 and revised in 1975 by the World Medical Assembly Belmont Report- developed by National Commission for protection of human subjects of Bio medical and Behavioural Research 1978

8. Principle of Beneficence Above All Do NO Harm - Freedom from Harm- researchers should avoid inflicting psychological harm on people’s psyche Freedom from Exploitation-subjects must not be exploited. Overt and malicious eg sex advances, it could also be subtle- Risk and benefits- is the risk to the research subjects commensurate with the benefits?

9. Principle of Respect to human Dignity The subjects have the Right to self determination- whether to participate or not Right to full disclosure-right to make informed consent based on the subject having full knowledge about the study and can decline if need be Informed consent-full understanding, can be documented

10. Principle of Justice Right to fair treatment-each subject should be treated fairly, non discrimination, non prejudicial, and all agreements must be honoured. There must be debriefing Right to Privacy-This must be maintained. All information must be kept confidential. Maintain anonymity Vulnerable groups are incapable of giving consent- infants, children, elderly, emotionally instable etc They need legal guardians or parents

11. Ethical Committees / Institutional Review Boards They are set up to review protocals of research.

12. Procedure for Getting Ethical Clearance Write the proposal Visit the committee to get their regulations Some require, you attempt and pass some online courses on ethics Fill the forms and attach proposals. Get feedback

13. Variables Independent variable; This is the causes of a phenomenon. Dependant variable- this depends on the variation brought about by the independent variable

14. Summary Based on the previous negative experiences that had happened globally, ethics are very important to safeguard the subjects. All research proposals must be subjected to review

15. Assignment Still working within the groups from last weeks assignment, read up the article chosen and identify ethical issues emanating from study Was an ethical clearance taken

16. Essay Questions Identify the three principles in the Belmont Report.