1. Shaping Nations: Objective: to examine how the burghers, middle class, gains power to help create England and France

2. John DIES what happens to England? 1216-1272 marks more losses to France Henry III reign = conflict with barons and France 1272 marks a turning point: Edward I (1272- 1307)-he improved administration and strengthened the royal courts. Edward’s law shifts the power back to King by limited baron’s power-Edward sees the shift in tax base with the growth of towns….

3. What does Edward do? Taxes burgesses-easier than to tax barons He adds burgesses to the King’s Great Council 1295 Model Parliament=two burgesses from every borough and two knights from every county serve in parliament (legislative group) Edward said “what effects all should be approved of all” his way of getting funding for war with France for land

4. A century of progress Parliament used between 1300-1400 for tax approval Gradually the knights and burgesses form “House of Commons” whereas the bishops and nobles were the “House of Lords” groups met separately Under Edward Parliament weakened the nobility (knights & burgesses usually sided with King) Still takes 200 more years to break feudalism and become a nation

5. France-Phillip IV & the Estates General 1302 king quarreled with pope. (Boniface VIII) Philip the Fair (handsome dude) decides to include middle class in his council to gain an advantage over the pope. Creating Third Estate First Estate = Church leaders Second Estate = Great lords Third Estate (Philip’s creation) delegates/representatives from middle class

6. The Third Estate Showed growing power of townspeople Helps increase Royal power over nobility Estates never became independent power that limited King

7. Nation-States 1300 France and England slowly taking geographic and political shape For the next 600 years borders created Politically government centralized by limiting noble power, increasing King’s power and the growing power of the middle class Nation-states = group of people who occupy a definite territory and are united under one government. They are culturally united-speaking same language and having a feeling of belonging and loyalty to their country.