1. INDIA 5 TH SECTION A: The Independence Settlement

2. AFTER WWII Britain in debt after WWII, including the government in India Relied on American help India was under British control, did not cooperate India just fought for democracy, difficult for Britain not to give it to them

3. Partition Plan Negotiations for independence in Simla Conference in June 1945 Representing Congress was Jawaharlal Nehru from Indian National Congress Also representing congress was Jinnah from the Muslim League Simla Conference failed, congress could not agree to terms

4. Trauma of Partition, 1947-1955 The people didn’t know exactly where boundaries of the new country were announced partition and independence in February 1947 Neither Hindus or Muslims wanted to be caught on the wrong side 15,000,000 people left their homes where there was little cultural connection The border was drawn out by Sir Cyril Radcliffe As soon as the decision was made to divide India violence broke out Law and order suffered breakdown

5. The Princely States 45% of India was governed by 562 semi-independent states princely state Princely states were loyal to the British government The subcontinent were having trouble to choose what side they were on.

6. Kashmir Muslim-majority state neighbored the new Pakistan Ruled by a line of Hindu kings The Hindu prince (Hari Singh) was leaning to join Pakistan; opposed to socialism because he would not find a space in new India

7. Roots of the Kashmir Conflict Pakistani military started to march toward Kashmir The prince changed his mind and asked for military reinforcement from India India refused to help unless Hari Singh would join India The prince signed the INSTRUMENT OF ACCESSION on October 26,1947 The people of Kashmir had to approve the document

8. Roots of the Kashmir Conflict Cont. India came to Kashmir to help Hari Singh on October 27,1947 beginning of India-Pakistan war United Nations was involved Both sides agreed to a ceasefire and let the people vote on whether they wanted to remain independent or if they wanted to join India or Pakistan States remained divided Not an official boundary neither side recognizes the right of the other Kashmir belongs to both countries