1. 18 TH CENTURY

2. AKA  The Enlightenment  The Age of Reason  Aufklarung  Enlightenment (political, philosophical)  Neoclassicism (artistic & literary)

3.  France (Voltaire, Rousseau)  England (Locke, Hume)  Germany (Kant, Lessing)  America (Franklin, Jefferson)

4. TRACKING  Renaissance   rediscovery & increase in knowledge  Scientific Revolution   reason, logic  laws, rules, principles  Enlightenment  Age of Reason

5. REACTION TO  Intricacy  Boldness  Obscurity  Extravagance  of late Renaissance

6. TRAITS & THEMES  cast off fears & superstitions of Medieval Age  search for natural laws that governed the universe  examine rational basis for all beliefs  question/challenge authority of Church & State  conservatism

7. TRAITS & THEMES  Power of the HUMAN INTELLECT  to understand, to grasp  the laws of the universe

8. TRAITS & THEMES  Clarity of thought  Dare to know  “Sapere aude” (I. Kant)  dare to be wise  curiosity  Objectivity, Rationality   social reform   standardization of language  Social contract  Natural Law vs. Divine Right

9. TRAITS & THEMES  Style –  Simplicity  Clarity of thought  Restraint  Regularity  Good sense  Decorum  Sympathy  COMMON SENSE

10. COMMON SENSE  consensus (not private)  public knowledge vs. private inspiration  universal truths  “common”  for the common reader  in common language  for common good

11. SATIRE  public, not private  social concern  corrective  reason itself can be target (Swift)  like Christianity  concerned with/focuses on corruption  sought reform, improvement  replacement of Christianity

12. GOD  Rational  Reasonable  His Universe (Creation)  rational & benevolent  orderly system   HE, too, = rational & benevolent  Morality  social obligation  SYMPATHY (empathy)  defined in social terms, not spiritual

13. DEISM  Based on DEDUCTION  Nature = proof of God  Creation presupposes a Creator  Harmonious universe =  rational, benevolent God  Order, reasonableness of nature = God  Touch TV show