1. Biochemistry The Macromolecules of Life Chapter 2.3

2. Organic Chemistry The study of all compounds that have bonds between carbon atoms. The study of all compounds that have bonds between carbon atoms.

3. Importance of Carbon Carbon has 4 valence electrons Carbon has 4 valence electrons It tends to form covalent bonds with other carbon atoms It tends to form covalent bonds with other carbon atoms

4. In doing so, carbon can form a variety of shapes… In doing so, carbon can form a variety of shapes…

5. …chains…

6. …rings…

7. …branches…

8. … or combinations of chains, rings, and branches.

9. Macromolecules Carbon is able to form large and complex molecules called “macromolecules” Carbon is able to form large and complex molecules called “macromolecules”

10. Macromolecules are made by “polymerization” in which small compounds (called “monomers”) are put together to make larger compounds (called “polymers”) Macromolecules are made by “polymerization” in which small compounds (called “monomers”) are put together to make larger compounds (called “polymers”)

11. There are 4 types of organic macro-molecules (organic polymers): There are 4 types of organic macro-molecules (organic polymers): Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Lipids Lipids Proteins Proteins Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids

12. Carbohydrates “sugars” Made of C, H, O in a 2:1 (H:O) ratio; Ex: C 6 H 12 O 6 Made of C, H, O in a 2:1 (H:O) ratio; Ex: C 6 H 12 O 6 Monomer is monosaccharide Monomer is monosaccharide

14. Glucose – quick energy Glucose – quick energy Starch – plant storage Starch – plant storage Glycogen – animal storage Glycogen – animal storage Cellulose – structure in plants Cellulose – structure in plants Chitin – exoskeleton in crayfish, etc Chitin – exoskeleton in crayfish, etc

15. Found in breads, cereals, Found in breads, cereals, pasta, potatoes, corn pasta, potatoes, corn Examples include galactose, fructose, polysaccharides (like starch and cellulose) Examples include galactose, fructose, polysaccharides (like starch and cellulose) Used as the main source of fuel and/or structural purposes Used as the main source of fuel and/or structural purposes

16. Lipids: “fats” Made of mostly of C and H and O Made of mostly of C and H and O Monomer is glycerol attached to fatty acids Monomer is glycerol attached to fatty acids

18. Used to store energy, make cell membranes, waterproof coverings Used to store energy, make cell membranes, waterproof coverings Examples: saturated fats, unsaturated fats, polyunsaturated fats, oils, waxes, cholesterol, steroids Examples: saturated fats, unsaturated fats, polyunsaturated fats, oils, waxes, cholesterol, steroids

19. Contained in dairy products, Contained in dairy products, meats, some vegetables meats, some vegetables

20. Nucleic Acids Made of C, H, O, N, P Made of C, H, O, N, P Monomers are nucleotides Monomers are nucleotides

22. Used to store and transmit genetic information Used to store and transmit genetic information Examples include DNA and RNA Examples include DNA and RNA Found in any food that contains cells Found in any food that contains cells

23. Proteins Contains C, H, O, N (S, P) Contains C, H, O, N (S, P) Monomers are amino acids Monomers are amino acids

25. Used to regulate chemical reactions and cell processes, form body structures, transport materials, or fight disease Used to regulate chemical reactions and cell processes, form body structures, transport materials, or fight disease

26. Examples include enzymes, antibodies, muscle tissue Examples include enzymes, antibodies, muscle tissue Contained in meats, legumes, dairy products Contained in meats, legumes, dairy products