1. Attributes Availability Reliability Safety Confidentiality Integrity Maintainability Dependability Means Fault Prevention Fault Tolerance Fault Removal Fault Forecasting Threats Faults Errors Failures ability to deliver service that can justifiably be trusted

2. Risk definition and expression NegligibleMarginalCriticalCatastrophic Frequent Probable Occasional Remote Improbable Probability of occurrence Mishap severity High Medium Low Serious Probabilities of occurrence and mishap severity Appliocation domains (transportation, energy production, telecommunications, banking, etc.) + IEC 61508 (1998) – Combination of the probability of a damage and of its severity + MIL-STD-882D (Février 2000) – An expression of the impact and possibility of a mishap in terms of potential mishap severity and probability of occurrence

3.  Risk assessment  Practices vary according to countries  France: ‘globally at least as relevant’ (GAMAB)  UK: ‘As low as reasonably possible’ (ALARP)  Germany: ‘Minimum endogenous mortality’ (MEM)  Risk management  Current situation: Risk level  strength of verification and validation activities  Software considerations in airborne systems and equipment certification, DO-178-B  Common Criteria for Information Technology Security Evaluation, ISO/IEC Standard 15408

4. Means for dependability Fault Prevention Fault Tolerance Fault Removal Fault Forecasting Verification and Validation  Addressed faults (e.g., accidental, malicious)  Coverage  Demonstration, analytical and experimental  Diversity