1. Pres. v. Congress. Campaigns »Nominated (self) vs. selected (party, post-primary) »Party in Europe »Pres. Races more competitive, fewer vote »Congress Incumbency: 96% reelected (Jacobson) »Campaign against Washington (centrifugal forces: Grodzins, Loomis) »Presidential: “Getting Mentioned” »Length of time to run/$/organization/strategy/themes »House now single-member »Gerrymandering and Malapportionment »District size/shape at issue: court case list: incl. Reynolds v. Sims “1 person 1 vote”, Baker v. Carr »Sophomore surge »Open vs. closed primary »Party leaders can’t control: delegates vs. trustees

2. Primary vs. General Campaigns Primary Activists more ideological »Off-term elections: lower turnout results in higher ideological scores? Iowa Caucuses: focus media, ideologues »Kerry? Primaries: same possibility: McGovern Position v. Valence issues Awareness: TV, mail, debates (only challenger advantage), internet: Dean or Trippi’s Campaign? Gap between running campaign and gov’t

3. $Money$ Presidential: private and public funds »Congressional: Usu. Private, unless contest »Ex. Shays/Farrell »Public financed » AZ, ME, VT. Advantage: Incumbents »Campaign Finance Reform »Watergate, Buckley v. Valeo (1976) »Solidary benefits »Primary and general election campaigns separate »Spending has skyrocketed: M. Huffington »Independent expenditures: 527 »Is $ speech? No »Overstated impacts: VP, abortion, religion »Congress: $ counts »Incumbency advantage: Congress won’t reform »No PACS: return of the fat cats »Shorter campaigns: advantage- incumbents

4. What decides elections? Party ID. Why not Dems? »Dems less tied to party; GOP turnout/independents V.O. Key: self-interested party switchers Prospective voters: former AP students Retrospective voters: the masses, wallets Campaigns reinvigorate interest Theme focus. Kerry? Winning a comb. of loyalty and turnout Dem. New Deal coalition »Blacks, Jews less, Hispanics mixed »Less Catholics/Southerners/union decline Reps. Coalition: business/prof/occ. farmers

5. Election Outcomes/Partisanship Argument: –Public Policy perpetuates, predominantly –Great Britain: dramatic realignments –Here: GRADUAL change, due to Constitutional system Checks and Balances, separation of powers –Elections matter over time Enduring Questions: –Parties have weakened –Split-ticket voting, less pty. control, fundraising challenges –Factors: –Strength of economy, candidate popularity, party loyalty/ID –Congressional Campaigns hinge on district lines. Result: STATE ELECTIONS MATTER