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Respiratory System Respiratory System Chapter 16
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Terminology Respiration: exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between atmospheric air, blood, tissue, & cells Respiration Pulmonologist: specialist of lung disorders Otorhinolaryngologist: ear, nose & throat specialist Heimlich maneuver: procedure performed when trachea becomes blocked Tracheostomy: surgical procedure that opens up trachea if Heimlich maneuver is unsuccessful Oxyhemoglobin: hemoglobin with oxygen bonded Carbaminohemoglobin: hemoglobin with carbon dioxide bonded
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Functions Provides for oxygen intake Provides for carbon dioxide elimination Regulates blood pH Filters inhaled air Chemoreceptor (olfaction) Produces sound Rids body of some heat and water
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Respiration 4 processes: –Ventilation (breathing) = inhalation + exhalation –External respiration = gas exchange between lungs & blood (pulmonary circulation –Transportation = of oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from lungs –Internal respiration = gas exchange between blood & tissues (systemic circulation)
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Divisions of Respiratory System Upper Respiratory System –Nose –Pharynx (throat) Lower Respiratory System –Larynx (voice box) –Trachea (windpipe) –Bronchii –lungs
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Nose air passageway only external = nares (nostrils) Internal = paranasal sinuses Both lined with mucous membrane Function: to warm & moisten air, olfaction, resonating chamber for sound Nostril hair & cilia trap foreign particles and sweep toward pharynx
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Pharynx (throat) Air and food passageway 3 divisions –Nasopharynx: behind nose No food here Adenoid tonsils here –Oropharynx: behind mouth Air & food here Palatine & lingual tonsils here –Laryngopharynx: above larynx Air & food here Divides anteriorly into trachea and posteriorly into esophagus **Smoking causes overproduction of mucus = smoker’s cough**
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Larynx (voice box) 9 pieces of cartilage –Largest piece = thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple) Epiglottis: closes off trachea when swallowing Vocal cords: elastic ligaments –Men have thicker & longer cords = deeper voice –Women have thinner & shorter cords = higher voice Laryngitis: inflammation of larynx = hoarseness/voice less **Smoking causes larynx to swell = smoker’s voice**
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Trachea (windpipe) Air passage only Connects larynx to primary bronchii Made of C-shaped cartilage rings that open posteriorly (esophogeal expansion)
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Bronchii Branches extensively after entering lungs (bronchial tree) Right and left primary bronchus: one goes into each lung; divide into secondary bronchi Secondary bronchi: one goes into each lobe of lungs (3 in right lung & 2 in left lung); divide into tertiary bronchi Tertiary bronchi branch into bronchioles Bronchioles branch into terminal bronchioles Cartilage gets less and less as you move down this bronchial tree Bronchitis = excessive mucus production from bronchiole lining
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Bronchial Tree
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Lungs In thoracic cavity Serous membranes = pleura –Visceral pleura: covers lungs –Parietal pleura: lines cavity Pleurisy = inflammation of pleural membranes
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Lungs (continued) Apex at clavicle to base on diaphragm Hilus: notch on medial side where all vessels enter and exit Left lung: 10% smaller due to heart Right lung: thicker, broader, shorter due to liver Alveoli: sites of gas exchange in lungs; found on the end of terminal bronchioles; resemble clusters of grapes Surfactant: substance lining alveoli that reduces collapse Emphysema: permanently stretched alveoli; gas exchange not efficient = labored exhalation
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The entire Respiratory Tract
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Breathing Rates Eupnea: normal breathing –Approx. 12 breaths per minute Dyspnea: labored breathing –Often seen with asthma, bronchitis, & other respiratory ailments Apnea: absence of breathing –Usually will resume after a few seconds
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Lung Volumes Tidal volume (TV): volume of 1 breath; measured with a spirometer Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): what can be forcefully inhaled after a normal inhalation Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): what can be forcefully exhaled after a normal exhalation Residual volume (RV): air remaning in lungs (prevents collapse) Total lung capacity (TLC): the sum of all of the above –TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV
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Ventilation Inhalation = inspiration –Breathing IN –Active process as diaphragm & rib muscles contract –Air moves into lower pressure(lungs) from higher pressure (atmosphere) Exhalation = expiration –Breathing OUT –Passive process as diaphragm & rib muscles relax –Air moves out from higher pressure (lungs) to lower pressure (atmosphere)
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Connection with Brain Respiratory center = brain stem –Medullary rhythmicity area + pons = rhythmic breathing –Pneumotaxic area = rapid breathing –Apneustic area = slow breathing
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Other Disorders Other Disorders Asthma: closing off of air passageway due to spasms from allergens Pneumothorax: collapsed lung due to low surfactant, chest wound, or obstructed airway (anything that may change pressure) Cystic fibrosis: genetic disease that causes overproduction of mucus in lungs that may cause blockage and difficulty in breathing
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