1. Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slides 12.1 – 12.22 Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 12 The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

2. The Lymphatic System Slide 12.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Consists of two semi-independent parts  Lymphatic ___________  Lymphoid _______________________  Lymphatic system functions  Transport fluids _________________  Play essential roles in ____________ and __________________ to disease

3. Lymphatic Characteristics Slide 12.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Lymph – __________________ carried by lymphatic vessels  Properties of lymphatic vessels  _______________ system toward the heart  __________________  Lymph moves _______________ the heart  Milking action of _____________muscle ______________of smooth muscle in vessel walls

4. Lymphatic Vessels Slide 12.3a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Lymph Capillaries  Walls overlap to form flap-like minivalves  Fluid leaks into lymph _____________  Capillaries are anchored to __________ tissue by filaments  _________________ on the inside closes minivalves

5. Lymphatic Vessels Slide 12.3b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.1

6. Lymphatic Vessels Slide 12.4a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Lymphatic collecting vessels  Collects lymph from _______________ _____________  Carries lymph ______________ from lymph nodes Figure 12.2

7. Lymph Slide 12.5a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Materials returned to the blood  ______________

8. Lymph Slide 12.5b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Harmful materials that enter lymph vessels  ________________

9. Lymph Nodes Slide 12.6a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  ________ lymph before it is returned to the blood  Defense cells within lymph nodes  _______________ – engulf and destroy foreign substances  ________________ – provide immune response to antigens

10. Lymph Nodes Slide 12.6b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.3

11. Lymph Node Structure Slide 12.7a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Most are kidney-shaped, less than _____ long

12. Other Lymphoid Organs Slide 12.9 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Several organs contribute to lymphatic function  __________  _____________  ____________  _____________ Figure 12.5

13. The Spleen Slide 12.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Located on the ________ of the abdomen  Filters blood  ___________ worn out blood cells  _________ blood cells in the ______  Acts as a blood _________

14. The Thymus Slide 12.11 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Located low in the throat, overlying the ____________  Functions at peak levels only during ___________________  Produces ______________ (like thymosin) to program lymphocytes

15. Tonsils Slide 12.12 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Small masses of lymphoid tissue around the _____________  Trap and remove _________ and other foreign materials  Tonsillitis is caused by ______________________

16. Peyer’s Patches Slide 12.13 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Found in the wall of the ______________________  Resemble ___________ in structure  ______________________ bacteria in the intestine

17. Body Defenses Slide 12.15a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The body is constantly in contact with ______________________________  The body has ___________ defense systems for foreign materials

18. Nonspecific Body Defenses Slide 12.16 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Body surface coverings  ____________  __________________ membranes  Specialized human cells  ________________ produced by the body

19. Surface Membrane Barriers – First Line of Defense Slide 12.17a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The skin  ___________barrier to foreign materials  pH of the skin is _____ to inhibit bacterial growth  _______ is toxic to bacteria  Vaginal secretions are very ______________

20. Surface Membrane Barriers – First Line of Defense Slide 12.17b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Stomach mucosa  Secretes _____________________  Has ____________________ enzymes  Saliva and lacrimal fluid contain ________________  Mucus traps _______________ in digestive and respiratory pathways

21. Defensive Cells Slide 12.18b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Natural killer cells  Can _______________ cancer cells  Can destroy _________- infected cells Figure 12.6b

22. Inflammatory Response - Second Line of Defense Slide 12.19 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Triggered when body tissues are injured  Produces four cardinal signs  ______________  Results in a chain of events leading to protection and healing

23. Functions of the Inflammatory Response Slide 12.20 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Prevents spread of ______________  Disposes of cell __________________  Sets the stage for repair

24. Steps in the Inflammatory Response Slide 12.21 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.7

25. Antimicrobial Chemicals Slide 12.22c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Interferon  Secreted __________ of virus-infected cells  Bind to __________cell surfaces to inhibit viruses __________.

26. Fever Slide 12.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  ______________ high body temperature  ______________ heat regulation can be reset by pyrogens (secreted by white blood cells)  ______________ inhibit the release of iron and zinc from liver and spleen needed by bacteria  Fever also ________________ of tissue repair

27. Specific Defense: The Immune System – Third Line of Defense Slide 12.24 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  _____________ specific – recognizes and acts against particular foreign substances  ____________ – not restricted to the initial infection site  _____________ – recognizes and mounts a stronger attack on previously encountered pathogens

28. Types of Immunity Slide 12.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Humoral immunity  Cells produce chemicals for _________  Cellular immunity  Cells target ___________________ cells

29. Allergies Slide 12.28 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Many small molecules (called haptens or incomplete antigens) _______ with our own __________  The immune system may____________ and _________ to a protein-hapten combination  The immune response is harmful rather than protective because it attacks our ________________

30. Cells of the Immune System Slide 12.29 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Lymphocytes  Originate from hemocytoblasts in the __________________  B lymphocytes become __________________ in the bone marrow  T lymphocytes become immunocompetent in the _____________  Macrophages  Arise from monocytes  Become widely distributed in ____________ organs

31. Active Immunity Slide 12.34 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Your B cells encounter __________ and produce ___________  Active immunity can be _______ or _________ acquired Figure 12.12

32. Passive Immunity Slide 12.35 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Antibodies are obtained from someone else  Conferred naturally from a _________ to her __________  Conferred artificially from __________ or ________________  Immunological memory does _____ occur  Protection provided by “___________antibodies”

33. Organ Transplants and Rejection Slide 12.46a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Major types of grafts  ____________ – tissue transplanted from one site to another on the same person  __________ – tissue grafts from an identical person (identical twin)  _____________ – tissue taken from an unrelated person  ___________ – tissue taken from a different animal species

34. Organ Transplants and Rejection Slide 12.46b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  __________ and ____________ are ideal donors  _____________ are never successful  ____________ are more successful with a closer tissue match

35. Disorders of Immunity: Allergies (Hypersensitivity) Slide 12.47a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Abnormal, vigorous immune responses  Types of allergies  Immediate hypersensitivity  Triggered by release of __________ from IgE binding to mast cells  Reactions begin within _________________ with allergen  _____________________ – dangerous, systemic response

36. Disorders of Immunity: Allergies (Hypersensitivity) Slide 12.47b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Types of allergies (continued)  Delayed hypersensitivity  Triggered by the release of ___________from activated helper T cells  Symptoms usually appear _______ after contact with antigen

37. Disorders of Immunity: Immunodeficiencies Slide 12.49 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Production or function of immune cells or _______________ is abnormal  May be ____________ or acquired  Includes AIDS – ____________________________

38. Disorders of Immunity: Autoimmune Diseases Slide 12.50a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The immune system does not distinguish between ______and ____________  The body produces ___________ and sensitized T ______________ that attack its own tissues

39. Disorders of Immunity: Autoimmune Diseases Slide 12.50b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Examples of autoimmune diseases  Multiple sclerosis – _________ of brain and spinal cord are destroyed  _______________ – impairs communication between nerves and skeletal muscles  Juvenile diabetes – destroys __________________ that produce insulin  Rheumatoid arthritis – destroys joints

40. Disorders of Immunity: Autoimmune Diseases Slide 12.50c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Examples of autoimmune diseases (continued)  Systemic _______________ (SLE) – affects kidney, heart, lung and skin  Glomerulonephritis – impairment of ______________ function

41. Self Tolerance Breakdown Slide 12.51a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  ________________ lymphocyte programming  Appearance of self-proteins in the circulation that have not been exposed to the immune system  Eggs  Sperm  Eye lens

42. Self Tolerance Breakdown Slide 12.51b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Cross-reaction of antibodies produced against foreign antigens with self- antigens  ________________ fever

43. Developmental Aspects of the Lymphatic System and Body Defenses Slide 12.52 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Except for __________________, the lymphoid organs are poorly developed before birth  A newborn has _______________________ only passive immunity from the mother  If lymphatics are removed or lost, severe ___________ results, but vessels grow back in time