1. Chapter Ninth Edition America: Past and Present America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Slaves and Masters 11

2. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Slave System King Cotton  unstable Southern economy –Lack of diversification –Vulnerable to market fluctuations –Relies on slave labor (expensive) –Speculation and “land butchery” Little immigration  remains Anglo-Saxon Protestant Value of slaves continues slave importation up to Civil War Internal slave trade/slave auctions provide most slaves Runaway slaves a growing concern

3. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The South in the mid-1800’s is increasingly… Single Crop Plantation Economy (Cotton) Rural Segregated –black v. white –rich planters v. poor whites Oligarchic and Aristocratic Monopolistic Fearful of Northern interference & slave revolts

4. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/african/afam005.html This handbill urging opponents of abolitionists to obstruct an anti-slavery meeting demonstrates the depth of pro-slavery feeling. Although the handbill advocates peaceful means, violence sometimes erupted between the two factions. An emotion-laden handbill was a factor in the well- known Boston riot of October 21, 1835. In that incident, a mob broke into the hall where the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society was meeting, and threatened William Lloyd Garrison's life. "Outrage," February 2, 1837 Handbill

5. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Planter Aristocracy In 1850 only 1,733 families own 100 or more slaves; 4% of total white population in 1860 Planter “class” rules socially, politically, economically Admire feudal society – Sir Walter Scott Vast majority of white southerners work land with their slaves or have no slaves at all Growing gap between poor whites and planters White subsistence farmers support slavery b/c of racial superiority – contrary to economics “mountain whites” alienated from Planter class

6. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Life of a Slave Slaves are increasingly valuable ($1800 by 1860) Slaves are increasingly sold “down the river” from soil-depleted areas. Auctions separate families. Slaves have no civil or political rights Victimized by owners and white society Beatings not uncommon Slaves manage to preserve family bonds, culture, and faith NOTE: Though increasingly rare, there were free blacks in the South. 250,000 by 1860.

7. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Torture Mask, woodcut, 1807 The laws of southern states had long stipulated that masters could use whatever means they deemed necessary to prevent slave runaways and insolence. In the early 1800s, some planters adopted this so-called restraining mask to punish slaves. (Library of Congress) Torture Mask, woodcut, 1807 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

8. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Slaves’ Daily Life and Labor 90% of slaves lived on plantations or farms Most slaves on cotton plantations worked sun up to sun down, 6 days a week About 75% of slaves were field workers, about 5% worked in industry Urban slaves had more autonomy than rural slaves

9. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands A barber shop, Richmond, 1861 Free blacks dominated the barber's trade in Richmond on the eve of the Civil War. As meeting places for men, barber shops supplied newspapers and political discussion. Black barbers were politically informed and prosperous. As was the custom at the time, barbers also performed medical procedures like drawing blood. (Valentine Museum, Cook Collection) A barber shop, Richmond, 1861 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

10. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Nurse and charge Slavery did not prevent white children and their slave nurses from forming attachments to each other. (Valentine Museum, Cook Collection) Nurse and charge Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

11. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Slave Families, Kinship, and Community Normal family life difficult for slaves – Fathers cannot always protect children – Families vulnerable to breakup by masters Most reared in strong, two-parent families Extended families provide nurture, support amid horror of slavery Slave culture a family culture that provided a sense of community

12. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands African American Religion Black Christianity the cornerstone of an emerging African American culture Whites fear religion’s subversive potential, try to supervise churches and preaching Slave religion kept secret from whites – Reaffirmed the inherent joy of life – Preached the inevitable day of liberation

13. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Slave Rebellions and Uprisings, 1800–1831

14. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Resistance and Rebellion 1800: Gabriel Prosser rebellion fell apart because of violent storm 1822: Denmark Vesey –Well-planned conspiracy for slaves to seize armory and then take Charleston slaves Great Dismal Swamp fugitives 1831: Nat Turner led bloodiest and most terrifying slave revolt

15. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Slave Revolts Slaves resist through sabotage and slowdowns 1800: Gabriel leads revolt in Richmond 1822: Denmark Vessey leads rebellion in Charleston 1831: Nat Turner leads revolt in Virginia All Revolts are suppressed quickly and violently. ALSO, the Underground Railroad is a sign of resistance. Example: Marylander Harriet Tubman leads more than 300 to freedom.

16. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands American Anti-Slavery Almanac, 1840 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

17. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Resistance and Rebellion 1835–1842: 2 nd Seminole War –Slaves escaped and joined Seminoles Runaways often aided by the Underground Railroad

18. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Resistance and Rebellion Work-related: – Work slowdowns – Sabotage – Poison masters Stories, songs asserting equality

19. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Free Blacks in the Old South Southern free blacks severely restricted – Sense of solidarity with slaves – Generally unable to help Repression increased as time passed By 1860, some state legislatures were proposing laws to force free blacks to emigrate or be enslaved

20. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands White Society in the Antebellum South Only a small percentage of slave owners lived in aristocratic mansions –Less than 1% of the white population owned 50 or more slaves Most Southern whites were yeomen farmers

21. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Planters’ World Big planters set tone, values of Southern life Planter wealth based on: – Commerce – Land speculation – Slave trading – Cotton planting

22. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Colonel and Mrs. James A Whiteside, Son Charles and Servants by James A. Cameron This portrait captures the patriarchy as well as the graciousness that whites associated with the ideal plantation. The slave waiter, nurse and planter's wife all appear overshadowed by the master's presence. (Hunter Museum of Art, Chattanooga, TN, Gift of Mr. & Mrs. Thomas B. Whiteside) Colonel and Mrs. James A Whiteside, Son Charles and Servants by James A. Cameron Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

23. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Planters and Paternalism Planters prided themselves on paternalism Better living standard for Southern slaves than others in Western Hemisphere Relatively decent treatment due in part to their increasing economic value after 1808 Planters actually dealt little with slaves Slaves managed by overseers Violent coercion accepted by all planters

24. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Small Slaveholders Slave conditions worst with fewer than 20 slaves – Slaves share the master’s poverty – Slaves at the complete mercy of the master Masters often worked alongside the slaves Most slaves would have preferred the economic and cultural stability of the plantation

25. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Yeoman Farmers Small farmers resented large planters Some aspired to planter status Many saw slavery as guaranteeing their own liberty and independence Slavery viewed as a system for keeping blacks “in their place”

26. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Ye Southern Planter 1838, artist unknown Despite the popular image that antebellum planters lived lives of idle luxury in great mansions, most actually lived in modest homes and worked alongside their employees and slaves, as this 1838 painting by an anonymous artist shows. (Dr. Richard Saloom) Ye Southern Planter 1838, artist unknown Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

27. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands A Closed Mind and a Closed Society Planters feared growth of abolitionism Planters encouraged closing of ranks Slavery defended as a positive good – Africans depicted as inferior – Slavery defended with Bible – Slavery a humane asylum to improve Africans – Slavery superior to Northern wage labor Contrary points of view suppressed

28. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Slavery and the Southern Economy White Southerners perceived their economic interests to be tied to slavery Lower South: Slave plantation society Upper South: Farming and slave-trading region

29. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Internal Slave Trade Mixed farming in Virginia and Maryland Needed less labor, more capital Upper South sold slaves to lower South Virginia, Maryland, and Kentucky took on characteristics of industrializing North Sectional loyalty of upper South uncertain

30. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Slave sale in Easton, Maryland, mid 1800s

31. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Map: The Internal Slave Trade, 1810-1860 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

32. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave by Henry Byam Martin, 1833 White southerners could not escape the fact that much of the Western world loathed their "peculiar institution." In 1833, when a Canadian sketched this Charleston slave auction, Britain abolished slavery in the West Indies. (National Archives of Canada) The Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave by Henry Byam Martin, 1833 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

33. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Slave Concentration, 1820

34. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Slave Concentration, 1860

35. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Rise of the Cotton Kingdom “Short-staple” cotton drove cotton boom Cotton gin made seed extraction easy Year-round requirements suited to slave labor Cotton in Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, east Texas

36. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands King Cotton 1793: Cotton Gin allows short-fiber cotton to be harvested – explosion of cotton production Ind. Rev. in NE and GB creates demand for cotton for textile mills South produces more than 50% of world’s cotton

37. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Slaves ginning cotton The invention of the cotton gin and the spread of cotton agriculture throughout the American south created an enormous new demand for slave workers and changed the nature of their work. A handful of slaves could process large amounts of fiber using the revolutionary new machine, but it took armies of field workers to produce the raw cotton. (Library of Congress) Slaves ginning cotton Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

38. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands ANIMATION AT: http://www.eliwhitney.org/cotton/patent.htm Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin  Short Staple Cotton Production  Expansion of Slavery Economy

39. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Map: Cotton Agriculture and Slave Population Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

40. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Rise of the Cotton Kingdom Large planters dominated cotton production 1850: South produced 75% of world’s cotton, cotton the most important U.S. business

41. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Slavery and Industrialization Southerners resented dependence on Northern industry, commerce Southerners project industrial schemes – Some proposed using free white labor – Others proposed the use of slaves Slaves worked in Southern factories High cotton profits discouraged shift to industry

42. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The “Profitability” Issue Slavery not profitable for South as a whole White small farmers had lower living standards than most Northern farmers Profits from cotton not well-distributed Slave system resulted in waste of human resources, Southern underdevelopment

43. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Worlds in Conflict Separate Southern worlds –Planters –Slaves –Less affluent whites –Free blacks Held together by plantation economy, web of customary relationships

44. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands

45. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands

46. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Map: Cotton Production in the South Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.