1. © 2006 Thomson-Brooks Cole Chapter 1 Science and Marine Biology

2. © 2006 Thomson-Brooks Cole Key Concepts Marine and terrestrial environments are interrelated, interactive, and interdependent. The ocean is an important source of food and other resources for humans. Marine biology is the study of the sea’s diverse inhabitants and their relationships to each other and their environment.

3. © 2006 Thomson-Brooks Cole Key Concepts The history of marine biology is one of changing perspectives that have shaped the modern science and its applications. Marine laboratories play an important role in education, conservation, and biological research.

4. © 2006 Thomson-Brooks Cole Key Concepts It is important to study marine biology in order to make informed decisions about how the oceans and their resources should be used and managed. Scientists use an organized approach called the scientific method to investigate natural phenomena.

5. © 2006 Thomson-Brooks Cole Importance of the Oceans and Marine Organisms Principal physical feature of the planet Drive weather patterns

6. © 2006 Thomson-Brooks Cole Importance of the Oceans and Marine Organisms Productive—provides substantial part of the human food supply Marine organisms are useful as subjects of scientific study for many areas of research

7. © 2006 Thomson-Brooks Cole Study of the Sea and Its Inhabitants Oceanography –study of the oceans and their phenomena, such as waves, currents and tides Marine biology –study of the living organisms that inhabit the seas and their interactions with each other and their environment Ecology of the marine environment

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9. Marine Biology: A History of Changing Perspectives Early studies of marine organisms –Aristotle and the “ladder of life” –Pliny the Elder’s Natural History Renewed interest in marine organisms –voyage of the HMS Beagle and Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species –discovery of organisms on retrieved transatlantic telegraph cable

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11. Marine Biology: A History of Changing Perspectives Beginnings of modern marine science –Challenger expedition 4,700 new species collected and described Charles Wyville Thomson collected plankton –marine studies in the United States expeditions of Alexander Agassiz funding of the first marine biology laboratory: Anderson Summer School of Natural History, predecessor of the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole other U.S. marine laboratories

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14. Marine Biology: A History of Changing Perspectives Marine biology in the twentieth century –Fridtjof Nansen’s Arctic expedition –Sir Alistair Hardy’s Antarctic expedition Marine biology today –Deep-sea submersibles –Information sharing via the Internet

15. © 2006 Thomson-Brooks Cole Process of Science Hypothesis Scientific method – an orderly pattern of gathering and analyzing information –inductive reasoning –deductive reasoning –observations

16. © 2006 Thomson-Brooks Cole Steps in the Scientific Method Making observations Using inductive reasoning to form a hypothesis Using deductive reasoning to design experiments –experimental variable –experimental set –control set

17. © 2006 Thomson-Brooks Cole Steps in the Scientific Method Gathering results Drawing conclusions –theory versus hypothesis Plant growth in a salt marsh: a case study of the scientific method –observation of growth patterns and analysis of soil samples –experiment to test hypothesis –analysis of results of the experiment

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21. Process of Science Alternative methods of science –experimentation is not always possible –observational science – observation alone must be used to support or deny the hypothesis The science of marine biology –Introduction to Marine Biology 2 nd edition contains “Science of Marine Biology” features to illustrate the application of the scientific method in studying the seas