1. Chapter 1 An Introduction (or review) to Science

2. What is the role science? Mysteries of the world… Mysteries of the world… –Can you name a few? So what is the role of science… So what is the role of science… And how do we accomplish this? And how do we accomplish this? Experimentation and Observations

3. Jules Henri Poincare 19 th Century Scientist “Scienc is built up with facts, as a house is with stones. But a collection of facts is no more a science than a heap of stones.” Meaning of quote: Meaning of quote:

4. History of Science Early science - Dominated by religious thinking Early science - Dominated by religious thinking –Very biased Later science – Relied on experimentation and observation Later science – Relied on experimentation and observation

5. Disciplines of science Chemistry: _________________________ Chemistry: _________________________ Technology: ________________________ Technology: ________________________ Physics: ___________________________ Physics: ___________________________ Biology: ___________________________ Biology: ___________________________ –Further divided into specific concentrations

6. Biological Disciplines Zoology: ___________________________ Zoology: ___________________________ Botany: ____________________________ Botany: ____________________________ Ecology: ___________________________ Ecology: ___________________________ Limnology: _________________________ Limnology: _________________________ Microbiology: _______________________ Microbiology: _______________________

7. Biological Disciplines Genetics: __________________________ Genetics: __________________________ Taxonomy: _________________________ Taxonomy: _________________________ Anatomy: __________________________ Anatomy: __________________________ Physiology: ________________________ Physiology: ________________________ Cytology: __________________________ Cytology: __________________________

8. Scientific Method Definition: A series of steps designed to aid in solving a confronted problem Definition: A series of steps designed to aid in solving a confronted problem The Scientific method is similar to a cookbook recipe. Why??? The Scientific method is similar to a cookbook recipe. Why???

9. Scientific Method: The Steps 1. Define the problem: –May be in the form of a question Examples: 2. Collect information about the problem: HOW???

10. Scientific Method: The Steps 3. Form a Hypothesis - What is a hypothesis?

11. Scientific Method: The Steps 4. Test the Hypothesis Three Parts to an Experiment Experimental variable Experimental variable Experimental group Experimental group Control group Control group

12. Parts of an Experiment example One day I noticed that my 7th period applied students fart much more than my 1st period. I personally think that its because the cafeteria food is causing these students to have greater (and smellier) gas. I tested my hypothesis by separating my 7th period students into 2 groups. Group 1 brought in a packed lunch for an entire week and group 2 ate the cafeteria food for an entire week. I measured gas production using a gastrometer that was hooked up to each of their butts during my class. I found that the group that packed their lunch produced much less gas than the group that ate the cafeteria food.

13. Parts of an Experiment What was the: What was the: –Experimental variable? –Experimental group? –Control group?

14. Another example Scientists must first test the effects of a drug before it gets approved by the FDA. Let’s say they want to test a drug that will reduce the pain associated with migraines. They advertise in the paper and 10 people that suffer from migraines come in to the clinic. They split them into 2 groups. One group takes the drug 2 times a day for 2 weeks. The other group takes another pill (actually a placebo) 2 times a day for 2 weeks. After the 2 week period the participants take a survey in which they rate the effectiveness of the medication. Scientists must first test the effects of a drug before it gets approved by the FDA. Let’s say they want to test a drug that will reduce the pain associated with migraines. They advertise in the paper and 10 people that suffer from migraines come in to the clinic. They split them into 2 groups. One group takes the drug 2 times a day for 2 weeks. The other group takes another pill (actually a placebo) 2 times a day for 2 weeks. After the 2 week period the participants take a survey in which they rate the effectiveness of the medication.

15. Parts of an experiment What was the: What was the: –Hypothesis? –Experimental variable? –Experimental group? –Control group? –Sample Size? Were there any problems with this experiment? Were there any problems with this experiment? Why did they use a placebo on the control group and not just test another migraine drug? Why did they use a placebo on the control group and not just test another migraine drug?

16. Scientific Method: The Steps 5. Gather and analyze data from the experiment How do you analyze data???

17. Analyzing Data Data Table 1: 10 mL of water Seed 1Seed 2Seed 3Seed 4Seed 5Total growth Day 14 Day 27 Day 39 Day 49 Day 511 Day 615 Average rate of growth F stat = 1.212 F critical = 1.4442 P value = 0.002

18. Scientific Method – The steps 6. Form a conclusion –Did your results support your hypothesis?