1. CULTURAL (SPATIAL) DIFFUSION (spread of ideas, innovations) – two models Expansion – ideas spread to new places as different cultures adopt idea Has “ Contagious ” & “ Hierarchical ” Subtypes Relocation – ideas spread to new places as culture groups migrate there

2. Percentage of Population That Adopts the Idea or Innovation Majority Adopters (early and late) Innovators Time S-Curve of Adoption of Innovations (non-spatial diffusion model) Laggards

3. Spatial Models of Cultural Diffusion

4. 2. The fusion of two distinctive cultural traits into a unique new hybrid trait is called syncretism 1. The two-way blending of cultures that results from increased interaction is called cultural convergence Diffusion - Two related concepts

5. Religions  Where are religions located?  Why are some widely distributed and others are clustered in particular places?  Why do some religions occupy more space?  Religion varies from one world region to another.

6. Elements of Religion  Distinctive place of origin  Extent of diffusion from place of origin  Process by which the religion diffused to other locations  Religious beliefs and practices that encouraged diffusion.

7. Geographers StudyTension in Scale  Local diversity vs. Globalization –Religion provides core values/beliefs and definition of their culture –Some are designed with wide appeal and others have only location specific appeal –Understand their identity and organize the local landscape –Exclusive Adherence- adopting global religion means discarding local religion –Migrants spread religion, however migrants are more likely to keep their religion –Can lead to conflict

8. Religion: Diffusion and Landscape Classification of Religions Paths and Types of Diffusion Sacred Spaces on the Landscape Religion systems of formal or informal worship, faith, ritual … influences cultural landscapes – values and attitudes, rhythms of everyday life, calendar events, consumption of food/drink …

9. Classification of Religions Universalizing Religion: Universalizing Religion: claim to the “ universal truth ” – seen as applicable to all humans Seek to convert new members; open to all people Spread mainly by expansion diffusion (any sub-type) Ethnic Religion: Ethnic Religion: associated with a particular culture; membership by birth or identity with that ethnic group Not evangelical (don ’ t actively seek to convert new members) Spread mainly by relocation diffusion from origin area Examples: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism Examples: Hinduism, Judaism, Sikhism, East Asian religions, folk and traditional (tribal/Animist) practices

10. Approximate Membership of Selected Religions (estimated number, in millions, as of 2013) Christianity (total all forms)2.1 Billion Islam (total all forms)1.5 Billion Buddhism (total all forms)376 Billion Hinduism900 Million Other Asian religions (various syncretic)125 Million Sikhism25 Million Judaism20 Million Chinese folk religions (syncretic)390 Million All other ethnic/tribal religions (hundreds)265 million Non-Religious and Atheist1,100 million

11. Principal World Religions

12. Religious Regions of Lebanon Small-scale world religion maps fail to show local details Understanding religion regions is key to several current conflicts

13. Innovation and Diffusion of World Religions Note hearth areas and diffusion paths of four largest religions (contrast Hinduism to 3 universalizing religions)

15. Diffusion Paths of Christianity Spread mainly by hierarchical process, then by contagious expansion in Europe … then by relocation & expansion to European colonies

16. Diffusion Paths of Islam Spread mainly by expansion diffusion through 17 th century through Asia, North Africa. Now w orld ’ s fastest growing religion; spread by both expansion and relocation diffusion.

17. Jepara, southern Sumatra Melang, Java Grand Mosque, Banda Aceh, northern Sumatra MOSQUE STYLES IN INDONESIA

18. Diffusion Paths of Different Forms of Buddhism Origin in Northern India; different forms spread by expansion and hierarchical diffusion outward; blended in East Asia (syncretism). Hinduism later reclaimed dominance in India.

19. Examples of Religion on the Cultural Landscape Places of worship Shrines, pilgrimage sites Cemeteries, mausolea Sacred spaces Stonehenge, southern England (Druid site)

20. Sacred Spaces Sites of special religious significance (experiences, events) Hallowed grounds that are preserved across generations For believers, places endowed with divine meaning Paha Sapa Kin Wiyopeya Unkiyapi kte sni yelo!! We never sold the Black Hills!! (Lakota expression)

21. Shrine at Lourdes, southern France Cathedral at Chartres, France

22. Methodist- Congregationalist (Protestant) church, southwest Quebec, Canada St. Basil ’ s (Russian Orthodox), Red Square, Moscow

23. Mid-City Cemetery New Orleans Recoleto Cemetery Buenos Aires

24. Jewish cemetery, Chicago Temple Beth El (1973), Bloomington Hills, Mich. Synagogue, Jewish quarter, Prague (13 th century) Western (Wailing) Wall, Jerusalem

25. Buddhist stupa, Thailand (Hemispherical shape is typical, but different forms of Buddhism use differing types and levels of ornamentation.) Statue of Buddha

26. Hindu temple, Northern India Taj Mahal (Agra, India) – Islamic mausoleum Hindu cremation ceremony, India

27. Friday prayers, Grand Mosque, Mecca, Saudi Arabia: The Hajj

28. Memorial Spaces How similar to, and how different from, “ sacred space ” ?

29. Memorial Spaces Monuments, memorials, shrines, museums, and preserved sites used to commemorate and sanctify the past From D. Alderman (2000): “ Public commemoration is a socially directed process: before historical events and figures can be regarded as memorable, people must judge them worthy of remembrance and have the influence to get others to agree. ” “ Places of memory make history visible and tangible. … Memorial sites shape how we interpret and value the past. ” “ Memorial landscapes are in a constant state of redefinition as governments rise and fall, as the heritage and cultural tourism industry continues to expand, and as marginalized populations seek public recognition. ” From O. Dwyer (2000): “ The narrative content of these memorials reflects the types of archival materials that survive, the intentions of their producers, and contemporary politics regarding [historical events]. In turn, through their symbolic power and the large number of visitors who travel to them, these landscapes play a role in contemporary America ’ s... politics. ”