2. 44% of lakes, 37% of rivers, 32% estuaries = unsafe for recreational activities 75% of H 2 O pollution in US comes from –Soil erosion –Atmospheric deposition –Surface runoff

3. Less- developed countries dump ~95% of all sewage into waterways –Lack of $ –Rapid urbanization –Explosive population –More-developed countries shift industry for cheap labor

4. 50% of US depends on GW 43% of US agriculture water 100,000 LUSTs (Leaking Underground Storage Tanks) leak chemicals into GW 60% of most hazardous liquid waste injected into GW wells –Remains for average of 1400 years –Cleanup of 300,000 sites could cost $1 trillion

5. Biological Physical Chemical Physical, or chemical change that has a negative impact on human health or the environment

7. Consists of pathogens (disease-causing agents) Come from sewage Diseases include; –Typhoid, cholera, dysentery, polio, infectious hepatitis, salmonella, E-Coli bateria 1993 Milwaukee Wisconsin – 370,000 developed diarrhea from water-borne pathogen in public drinking water supply

8. Fish need oxygen to breath – DISSOLVED OXYGEN – or DO. When the DO is low the fish may suffocate – result = fishkill. Likewise – if the DO is too high, DO in the fish’s blood begins to bubble causing Gas Bubble Disease. Many factors effect the DO in aquatic environments – temperature, water movement, aquatic plant life – Pollutants in the water may indirectly effect these three important factors – temperature, water movement and aquatic plant life, resulting in low water quality

9. DO gets into the water by: –1) moving water (riffles, rapids, water falls, etc.) –2) photosynthesis of aquatic plants Gases do not readily dissolve in liquids with high temperatures. ↑T → ↓ DO

10. BOD – Biological Oxygen Demand The amount of oxygen needed for microorganisms to break down waste material High BOD indicates high levels of organic contaminants in the water Sewage = organic wastes; decomposers work to break down the waste – which takes oxygen; ↑ BOD → ↓ DO Sewage also contains many pathogens – fecal coliform test performed on water samples

12. Referred to as Thermal Pollution Gases do not readily dissolve in liquids with high temperatures. ↑T → ↓ DO Power plants sometimes use waterways to cool their equipment. Replaced waters are warmer than they were before causing DO ↓ Cooling towers can be build to cool the water before they are discharged back into the water body.

13. Excessive amounts of suspended solids in water. Come from soil erosion Increases turbidity which reduces the amount of sunlight that penetrates the water → ↓ photosynthesis → ↓ DO

14. Carries toxic pollutants, disease-causing agents Filling in waterways (reduces depth) Slows water flow → ↓DO Disrupts food chain Clogs gills a turbidity test is performed to determine the amount of suspended solids in water

16. pH plant nutrients heavy metals radioactive substances

17. 3.0 – 3.5 = toxic to most life 3.5 – 4.0 = lethal to trout and other fish 4.0 – 4.5 = fish eggs; dead lake 5.0 – 6.0 = changes ecology (biodiversity, #, decline is fish species, high aluminum, slow decomposition, nutrients trapped at bottom, algae disappears, crystal clear, 6.5 – 9.0 mostly harmless 9.0+ harmful to lethal as pH goes up to 11.5

18. Nitrites/nitrates; phosphorous –increases plant growth; –sources: fertilizers, sewage –causes algal bloom; eutrophication ↑ plant life → blocks sunlight → ↓ photosynthesis → plants die → ↑BOD → ↓DO → fish kill –cultural eutrophication = same as above caused by human sewage

20. Sources –leaching of soil due to acid rain, burning coal, industrial, household and mining wastes. Health Concerns –damages nervous system, kidneys, vision, Minimata 1932 – 1968 – Co dumped 27 tons mercury compounds into Minimata Bay – Hg converted to methyl mercury – ingested by eating fish – 43 people died

21. Sources: –paint, mining, incinerator ash, lead pipes and solder (contaminate water), auto exhaust Health Concerns –damage to kidneys, nervous system (brain), ability to learn, depressed biosynthesis of proteins, nerves, red blood cells; anemia, irritability

22. Sources: –electroplating, mining, plastic industries, sewage Health Concerns –kidney disease

23. Sources: –herbicides, wood preservatives, mining industry Health Concerns –Damage to eyes, skin, GI tract, liver; cancer

24. Sources: –leaching due to acid rain Health Concerns –anemia, loss of bone strength; possible role in dementia, and Alzheimer’s

25. oceans become contaminated by nuclear waste from illegal dumping, bomb tests, and nuclear accidents