1. 2015 M AIZE D ISEASE U PDATE Wm. E. Dolezal DuPont Fellow – Plant Pathology Chicago, IL December 9, 2015

2. My Disclaimer The thoughts and words in this presentation reflect my views and my personal opinion. They do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of any company, trade or professional association. They are derived from my working nearly 35 years in the seed industry in providing disease resistance support to maize plant breeding programs and in addressing phytosanitary issues. I will also try to express the valued input I received from my friends and colleagues in the public & private sectors who shared their thoughts on this topic.

3. I will not try to repeat much of the same material that I presented last year. I will focus this update on Maize Lethal Necrosis Virus

4. MLNV Update Maize Lethal Necrosis Virus Background Information: MLNV is a complex involving two different viruses: 1.Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus + 2.One of several “potyviruses” Sugarcane Mosaic Virus Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus Johnsongrass Mosaic Virus

5. Excellent article recently published: July 2015 Phytopathology FYI - Thursday @ 2pm in West Tower, Crystal Ballroom A, Grand Suite 3 Dr. Peg Redinbaugh is giving a presentation to the Phytosanitary Committee: Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus (MCMV) and Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN) in Africa: Status, Implications for U.S. Corn Seed Exports, Research Needs

6. Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus Worldwide Movement Timeline: LocationYear Peru1973 USA (KS,NE)1976 Argentina1982 Thailand1982 Mexico1989 USA (HI)1992 Colombia1999 China2011 Kenya2012 Rwanda2013 Dem. Rep. Congo2013 Taiwan2014 Mechanically transmitted: Multiple vectors for the virus Frankliniella occidentalis (HI) F. williamsi (Kenya) @ 3 hr. acquisition feeding, thrips were able to transmit. No latent period. Larvae and adults are able to transmit the virus for up to 6 days post acquisition.

7. Other MCMV hosts in Africa: Sorghum Sugarcane Napier grass Kikuyu grass MCMV Host Range:

8. Other New MLNV Findings: SCMV strains: Over 25 species of aphids transmit SCMV Two distinct SCMV Groups found in Kenya, one with common Asian origin Earlier diagnostic tools (ELISA) not able to detect some strains. Need diagnostic tools to rapidly and accurately identify virus Seed Transmission Studies: MCMV Historically – in USA, seed transmission ranged from 0.0% - 0.33% Kenya 18/25 (72%) detected by RT-PCR In pools of 10 seed bulked from local market 12/26 (46%) were positive

9. VIRUSES: Systemic Infection which leads to seed transmission In developing seed vs. Thrip feeding introduction of MCMV into the kernels while on the ear. “silk cut” is often thrip feeding injury. Is this why there is a much higher seed transmission rates in Africa vs. USA?

10. Other New MLNV Findings: Soil Transmission: Taken from G. Mahuku et al 2015. Maize lethal necrosis (MLN), an emerging threat to maize-based food security in sub-Saharan Africa. Phytopathology 105:960.

11. Other New MLNV Findings: Detection Methods: Some commercial MCMV & SCMV kits were not able to detect African strains. RT-PCR is much more sensitive and will detect high incidence vs. ELISA Detection does not necessarily translate to seedling infection. Some SCMV lack of detection due to wide variation in stains found. Host Resistance: Resistance to Potyviruses known on Ch6 and Ch3 Little is know of resistance to MCMV Some of J. Brubaker’s HI lines have shown some MCMV tolerance (HI) Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) & QTL mapping 9 SNPs associated with MLN 2 major QTLs on Ch3 (Bin 3.04/3.05) Major QTLs on Ch3 & Ch6, similar to that found for potyviruses ?? Coinfection with SCMV & MCMV leads to higher titer of MCMV Resistance to SCMV may lessen symptoms?

12. ISU-GEM USDA Allelic Diversity Doubled Haploid Releases Look for other chromosomal regions different than those previously identified?

13. MLNV Proposal to ASTA There is a real need to conduct extensive seed transmission studies!

14. “Be Prepared” – another warning shot Tropical Storm Bill & Tar Spot Photo credit: Weather Underground Current hypothesis: Long distance spore movement via Tropical Storm Bill Past Examples: Sorghum Ergot Asian Soybean Rust Rpp9 Virulent Puccinia polysora

15. GEM Going Forward 6.3- Disease evaluation network: one item that was discussed by the Development Team is the need to increase the disease evaluation network using US and international Cooperators. Recently GEM has sent GEM coded germplasm to be evaluated for MLN, a disease that has ruined the maize crop in East Africa. This effort, and the recent good news about the work done by our cooperators in Egypt who found several GEM germplasm lines to be resistant to Late Wilt, are great examples of the unique opportunities that GEM has to establish a more comprehensive disease evaluation network and provide disease resistance information for diseases (or races of existing diseases) that have not yet been introduced in the US. We suggest that the new coordinator, with the help of the TSG, develop a plan to organize this network to regularly obtain germplasm evaluation information on present and possible future diseases. Some effort should be done also to develop a more comprehensive database for Cooperators to access these informations.

16. More International Cooperation Opportunities: Black Bundle vs. Late Wilt Disease Numerous Downy Mildews Viral Screenings Southern Corn Rust Race Determinations

17. Above photo credits: The American Phytopathological SocietyThe American Phytopathological Society Kernel Red Streak – a symptom of WCM feeding Potential Phytosanitary Implication Potential Quarantine issues involving three vectored viruses Wheat Streak Mosaic (a component of MLNV) Wheat Streak Mosaic (a component of MLNV) High Plains Wheat Mosaic Virus Triticum Mosaic Virus Suggestions: If you observed true kernel red streak on your corn kernels, have it tested.

18. Disease Update Summary MLNV & will continue to be important – Ongoing research needed: Sources, diagnostic, epidemiology – ASTA helping to fund basic research – New viral phytosanitary barriers are going up which may hamper GEM germplasm movement. – GEM Going Forward opens opportunity to help to identify new potential sources of disease resistance Investigate how to effectively use allelic diversity lines. GEM has great potential to help identify new sources of resistance for seed industry – Try to identify those offshore to have ready if needed.

19. It has been my great pleasure to work with the GEM program for these many years while at Pioneer. GEM has been the model of public/private collaboration. I do wish you the very best of success!

20. Q UESTIONS ?