1. Introduction to Anatomy
KNR 181 Lab
Introduction to Anatomy

2. Lab Objectives
Students will be presented information related to two human systems:
The Skeletal System
Students will be able to identify and locate individual bones and landmarks of the skeleton
The Muscular System
Students will be able to identify and locate skeletal muscles, and name correct origin, insertion, and actions of each muscle.

3. Lab Activities Presentation of material by instructor
In-class study by students using:
Primal software on computers
Textbooks
Articulated and unarticulated bones
Muscle models
Lab handouts, study guides, etc.
Out-of-class study by students
PLEASE NOTE: This is absolutely essential !

4. Grading for the Lab
There will be Three exams over the skeletal system, and Three exams over the muscular system. Each will range between points.
There will be several quizzes, some un-announced, some may be “bonus” quizzes
There will be several assignments, some for extra-credit.
Your grade is determined by the percentage of the total points available. This accounts for 40% of your overall grade in 181.

5. Study materials to use
Any Anatomy text will do…just get one and use it!
Use the Marieb text for overview of information and reference, use Web page
Use a text with illustrated pictures of skeleton and bones
Use a text with illustrations of skeletal muscles
Primal software is available during class, or come to open Labs

6. Other helpful hints
Get a study partner…and study at least two hours per week.
Use whatever study materials you find useful.
Come in to the open Lab sessions.
Ask questions!
Don’t procrastinate.
Don’t expect it to be easy. Memorization of LOTS of information never is!

7. Anatomical terminology
Anatomical position
Standing erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from the body.
Axial
Division of the body making up the head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular
Division of the body consisting of the limbs or appendages (arms and legs)

8. Anatomical Directions
Superior/Inferior:
Upper part of a structure/lower part of a structure (top vs. bottom)
Anterior/Posterior:
The front of the body (ventral), the back of the body (dorsal)
Medial/Lateral:
Towards the mid-line (inside), away from the mid-line (outside)
Intermediate:
Between a medial and lateral structure

9. Anatomical Directions
Proximal/Distal:
Closer to the origin of a body part, away from the origin of a body part
Superficial/Deep
Towards or at body surface, away from the body surface (more internal)

10. General terms for features of bones
Body: the main part of a bone
Head: an enlarged end of a bone
Neck: a narrow area below the head
Margin or border: an edge of a bone
Angle: a part of a bone that has a bend
Ramus: a branch or bridge off the body
Condyle: a smooth, rounded, articular (joint) surface
Epicondyle: near or above a condyle

11. General terms for features of bones
Facet: a small, flattened articular surface
Line or linea: a low ridge
Crest or crista: a prominent ridge
Spine: a very high ridge
Process: a prominent projection
Tubercle: a small, rounded process (lump)
Tuberosity: a larger, knoblike process
Foramen: a rounded hole
Fossa: a depression